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en el mundo de la política

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1 interior

in'tiəriə
1. adjective
(on, of etc, the inside of (something): the interior walls of a building.) interior

2. noun
1) (the inside of a building etc: The interior of the house was very attractive.) interior

2) (the part of a country away from the coast, borders etc: The explorers landed on the coast, and then travelled into the interior.) interior

•

- interior decoration
- interior decorator

interior adj n interior

interior adjetivo
a) ‹patio/escalera› interior, internal, inside ( before n);
‹habitación/piso› with windows facing onto a central staircase or patio
b) ‹bolsillo/revestimiento› inside ( before n);

◊ en la parte interior inside o on the inside

c) ‹vida/mundo› inner

d) ‹política/comercio› domestic, internal
■ sustantivo masculino 1
a) (de cajón, maleta, coche) inside;
( de edificio) interior, inside; ( de un país) interior;
◊ en el interior de la habitación inside the room

b) (Méx, RPl, Ven) ( provincias) provinces (pl)

c) ( de una persona):

◊ en su interior estaba muy intranquilo inside he was very worried;
allá en su interior la amaba deep down he really loved her 2
◊ Interior sustantivo masculino (period) ( Ministerio del Interior) Ministry of the Interior, ≈ Department of the Interior ( in US), ≈ Home Office ( in UK)
3
◊ interiores sustantivo masculino plural (Col, Ven) (Indum) underwear

interior
I adjetivo
1 inner, inside, interior: es un piso interior, the flat doesn't overlook the street
ropa interior, underwear
2 (espiritual) inward, interior
monólogo interior, interior monologue
3 Pol domestic, internal
comercio interior, inland o domestic trade
4 Geography inland
II sustantivo masculino
1 inside, interior figurado en mi interior estaba arrepentida, deep down I was sorry
2 Geography interior
3 Pol Ministerio del Interior, Home Office, US Department of the Interior ➣ Ver nota en ministerio 4 Cine (usu pl) están rodando interiores, they are filming interiors ' interior' also found in these entries: Spanish: adentro - baldosa - camiseta - chimenea - combinación - comercio - corral - decoración - decorador - decoradora - dentro - destripar - faja - fondo - forrar - forro - homóloga - homólogo - iluminación - interiorismo - interiorista - lencería - linterna - ministerio - ministra - ministro - nacional - PIB - prenda - producto - revocar - ropa - seno - vacía - vacío - corpiño - enagua - franela - galería - planta - política - relleno - retrovisor - secretario - slip English: affair - bodice - brassiere - corner - design - emptiness - GDP - gut - home - Home Secretary - inboard - indoor - inland - inner - inside - interior - internal - inward - offshore - passage - passageway - shadow cabinet - slip - small - sparsely - stream - trade - underclothes - underwear - unspoken - wall - within - house - ledge - out - pith - quadrangle - revamp - under

interior

tr[ɪn'tɪərɪə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective

1 interior

noun

1 interior nombre masculino, parte nombre femenino interior

■ the car has a luxurious interior el coche tiene un interior lujoso

noun the interior

1 (inland) el interior

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

Department of the Interior SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL Ministerio del Interior

interior decorator decorador nombre masulino o femenino

interior design interiorismo

interior designer interiorista nombre masulino o femenino

Minister of the Interior SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL Ministro del Interior

interior [ɪn'tɪriər] adj

: interior

interior n

: interior m

interior

adj.

• interior adj.

n.

• interior s.m.

I ɪn'tɪriər, ɪn'tɪəriə(r)
noun

1)

a) ( of building) interior m

b) ( Art) (escena f or cuadro m de) interior m

c) ( Cin) interior m

2)

a) ( Geog)

the interior — el interior

b) ( Govt)

the Ministry/Department of the Interior — el Ministerio/Departamento del Interior

II

adjective

1)

a) ( inside) < walls> interior

b) ( mental) interior

2) ( inland) del interior

[ɪn'tɪǝrɪǝ(r)]
1. ADJ

1) (=inside) [door, wall, decor] interior

2) (Geog) (=central) interior

3) (Pol) (=domestic) [affairs] interno; [minister, department] del interior

4) frm (=inner) [life, world] interior; [thoughts] íntimo

2. N

1) (=inside) [of building, container, car] interior m

2) (Geog) (=centre)

the interior — el interior (of de)

3) (Pol) (in titles)

Minister of the Interior — Ministro(-a) m / f del Interior

Ministry of the Interior — Ministerio m del Interior, Secretaría f de Gobernación (Mex)

3.

CPD

interior angle N — (Math) ángulo m interno

interior decoration N — interiorismo m

interior decorator N — interiorista mf

interior design N — interiorismo m, decoración f de interiores

interior designer N — interiorista mf

interior light N — (in car) luz f de dentro

interior sprung mattress N — colchón m de muelles

* * *

I [ɪn'tɪriər, ɪn'tɪəriə(r)]
noun

1)

a) ( of building) interior m

b) ( Art) (escena f or cuadro m de) interior m

c) ( Cin) interior m

2)

a) ( Geog)

the interior — el interior

b) ( Govt)

the Ministry/Department of the Interior — el Ministerio/Departamento del Interior

II

adjective

1)

a) ( inside) < walls> interior

b) ( mental) interior

2) ( inland) del interior

English-spanish dictionary > interior
2 wilderness

'wildənəs
noun

((a) desert or wild area of a country etc.) desierto, monte

wilderness

tr['wɪldənəs]

noun

1 (desert) yermo, desierto; (wasteland) páramo

2 pejorative (garden) selva, jungla

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in the (political) wilderness SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL alejado,-a del mundo de la política

wilderness ['wɪldərnəs] n

: yermo m, desierto m

wilderness

n.

• desierto s.m.

• despoblado s.m.

• destierro s.m.

• yermo s.m.

'wɪldərnəs, 'wɪldənɪs
noun

a) c u ( wasteland) páramo m; ( jungle) jungla f

b) u ( undeveloped land) (AmE) parque m natural

['wɪldǝnɪs]
N (=desert) desierto m ; (=hills) monte m ; (=virgin land) tierra f virgen
a wilderness of ruins — un desierto de ruinas

he spent four years in the wilderness before returning to power — (fig) pasó cuatro años al margen de la política antes de volver al poder

* * *
['wɪldərnəs, 'wɪldənɪs]
noun

a) c u ( wasteland) páramo m; ( jungle) jungla f

b) u ( undeveloped land) (AmE) parque m natural

English-spanish dictionary > wilderness
3 spin

s.

1 giro (turning movement); sesgo (on ball) (on news story)

2 paseo corto en coche, vuelta, paseo.

3 sentido especial.

4 espín, efecto de giro, efecto especial de giro que se le da a una pelota en varios deportes como el béisbol y el tenis.

5 barrena.

vt.

1 hilar (lana, algodón)

2 (girar, coronar)

to spin a coin echar a cara o cruz o cara o sello o (español de Chile, español de Colombia) águila o sol o (español de México) cara o seca (RP)

3 centrifugar (spin-dry)

4 se utiliza en el mundo de la política para referirse al acto de presentar la información desde un ángulo favorable con vistas a influir en la opinión pública. Se usa principalmente para describir la manera en que el gobierno presenta sus acciones ante los medios de comunicación. Este uso de spin, que sugiere la acción de dar el sesgo conveniente a la información, proviene probablemente del mundo del deporte: en el béisbol o en el billar spin hace relación al efecto que se da a la pelota para cambiar su dirección. En la misma línea, a los portavoces del gobierno en los medios de comunicación se les llama “spin doctors”.

5 dar vueltas, girar, girar en torno a un eje, girar rápidamente.

6 hacer girar, dar vueltas a.

7 tejer, inventar, elaborar, fabricar.

8 dar un efecto de giro a.

9 imaginar.

10 tornear.

vi.

dar vueltas, girar (wheel, spinning top, dancer)

(pt span o spun & pp spun)

Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español > spin
4 spin out

v.

1 alargar (discurso, debate)

SPIN El término spin se utiliza en el mundo de la política para referirse al acto de presentar la información desde un ángulo favorable con vistas a influir en la opinión pública. Se usa principalmente para describir la manera en que el gobierno presenta sus acciones ante los medios de comunicación. Este uso de spin, que sugiere la acción de dar el sesgo conveniente a la información, proviene probablemente del mundo del deporte: en el béisbol o en el billar spin hace relación al efecto que se da a la pelota para cambiar su dirección. En la misma línea, a los portavoces del gobierno en los medios de comunicación se les llama “spin doctors”.

2 estirar (dinero)

3 explicar con exceso de detalle, explayarse sobre, detallar bien claro.

4 girar fuera de control.

5 perseverar.

Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español > spin out
5 sphere

sfiə
noun

(a solid object with a surface on which all points are an equal distance from the centre, like eg most types of ball.) esfera

- spherical

sphere n esfera

sphere

tr[sfɪə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 (shape) esfera

2 (area, range, extent) esfera, ámbito

■ sphere of influence ámbito de influencia

■ in the sphere of economics en el ámbito económico

sphere ['sfɪr] n

: esfera f

sphere

n.

• esfera (Matemática) s.f.

• esfera celeste s.f.

• globo s.m.

sfɪr, sfɪə(r)
noun

1)

a) ( globe) esfera f

b) (Astron, Hist) esfera f

the celestial sphere — la bóveda or esfera celeste

2) (field, circle) esfera f, ámbito m

sphere of influence — esfera de influencia

[sfɪǝ(r)]
N
1) (Astron, Math etc) esfera f

2) (fig) esfera f

in the social sphere — en la esfera social

sphere of influence — esfera f de influencia

sphere of activity — campo m de actividad, esfera f de actividad

his sphere of interest — el ámbito de sus intereses

in the sphere of politics — en el mundo de la política

that's outside my sphere — eso no es de mi competencia

* * *
[sfɪr, sfɪə(r)]
noun

1)

a) ( globe) esfera f

b) (Astron, Hist) esfera f

the celestial sphere — la bóveda or esfera celeste

2) (field, circle) esfera f, ámbito m

sphere of influence — esfera de influencia

English-spanish dictionary > sphere
6 in the (political) wilderness

in the (political) wilderness

SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL alejado,-a del mundo de la política

English-spanish dictionary > in the (political) wilderness
7 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.

   ■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.

   ■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL

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   ■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)

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   ■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.

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   ■ Veríssimo, Serrão. Marcelo Caetano: Confidencias No Exílio. Lisbon, 1985. Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. West, S. George. The New Corporative State of Portugal [Inaugural lecture, King's College, London, Feb. 1937]. London: New Temple Press, 1937. Wheeler, Douglas L. "Thaw in Portugal." Foreign Affairs 48, 4 (July 1970): 769-81.

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   ■. Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Portuguese edition: História Política de Portugal, 1910-l926. Mem Martins, 1985.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review [two part article] 12, 1-2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27.

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   ■. "The Third Pig: From Theory to Grubby Fact in Reassessing the Estado Novo." In B. F. Taggie and R. W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 145-68. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State Press, 1989.

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   ■, and René Pélissier. Angola. New York: Praeger and London: Pall Mall, 1971; reprinted: Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977.

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   ■. Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977.

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   ■ World War II and Portugal

   ■ Afonso, Rui. Um Homem Bom. Aristides De Sousa Mendes O " Wallenberg Portugues." Lisbon: Caminho, 1995.

   ■. Injustica-o Caso Sousa Mendes. Lisbon: Caminho, 1990.

   ■ Agudo, Manuel Ros. La Guerra Secreta de Franco ( 1939-1945). Barcelona, 2002.

   ■ Anon., Fugindo a Hitler e a Salazar e ao Holocausto-Refugiados em Portugal entre 1933-1945. Lisbon: Soc. Tipografica, 1994.

   ■ Barreiros, Jose Antonio. A Lusitania Dos Espioes. Lisbon: Hugin, 1995.

   ■. O Espiao Alemao Em Goa. Operacao Long Shanks, 1943. Lisbon, 2001.

   ■ Beevor, J. G. SOE. Recollections and Reflections 1940-45. London, 1981. Bloch, Michael. Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor July 1940. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984. Carrilho, Maria et. al., Portugal Na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contributos para uma reavaliacao. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989. Cole, Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. Colvin, Ian. Flight 777. London: Evans, 1957. Dias, Mariana Tavares. Lisboa nos Anos 40. Lisbon: Quimera, 1997. Eizenstadt, Stuart E. Coord. U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Fralon, Jose-Alain. A Good Man in Evil Times. The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes: The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001.

   ■ Giraudoux, Jean. Portugal. Paris: Grasset, 1958.

   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

   ■ Koestler, Arthur. Arrival and Departure. London, 1943.

   ■ Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Portugal and Nazi Germany in World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Louca, Antonio. Hitler e Salazar. Comercio em tempos de Guerra 1940-1944. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Luca, Antonio. "Portugal's Double Game: Between the Nazis and the Allies." In Avi Beker, ed., The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. New York, 2001. MacIntyre, Ben. Agent Zigzag. New York: Harmony, 2007. Martins, Maria Joao. O Paraiso Triste. O Quotidiano em Lisboa durante a II Grande Guerra. Lisbon: Vega, 1994. Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Chronicles of Wasted Time. Chronicle 2: The Infernal Grove. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

   ■ Nery, Julia. O Consul. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1991.

   ■ Pimentel, Irene Flunser. Judeus em Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 2006.

   ■ Popov, Dusko. Spy/ Counterspy. London, 1974.

   ■ Prokosch, Frederick. The Conspirators. New York, 1943.

   ■ Remarque, Erich Maria. The Night in Lisbon. New York, 1966.

   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■. Portugal na Segunda Guerra ( 1941-1945), 2 vols. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■. Os Acores E O Controlo Do Atlantico ( 1898/ 1948). Lisbon: Ed. Asa, 1993.

   ■. A neutralidade portuguesa e o ouro nazi. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

   ■ Wylie, Neville. "An Amateur Learns His Job? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940-42." Journal of Contemporary History. 36: no. 3 (2001), 441-57.

   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

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   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

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   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

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   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

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   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

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   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

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   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

   ■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:

   ■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

   ■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.

   ■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.

   ■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

   ■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.

   ■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.

   ■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

   ■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

   ■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.

   ■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.

   ■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.

   ■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

   ■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.

   ■ ———. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. ———. Portugal in Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.

   ■. "The Portuguese Territories." In Colin Legum, ed., Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1967. ———. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Felgas, Hélio. História do Congo Português. Carmona, Angola, 1958. ———. Guerra em Angola. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■ Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. "Portugal and Her Empire." In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1963): 509-TO.

   ■ Grenfell, F. James. História da Igreja Baptista em Angola, 1879-1975. Queluz, Portugal: Núcleo, 1998.

   ■ Hammond, Richard J. "Economic Imperialism: Sidelights on a Stereotype." Journal of Economic History XXI, 4 (1961): 582-98.

   ■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.

   ■ Hanson, Carl. Portugal and the Wider World 1147-1497. New Orleans, La.: University Press of the South, 2001.

   ■ Harris, Marvin. Portugal's African Wards. New York: American Committee on Africa, 1957.

   ■ ———. "Portugal's Contribution to the Underdevelopment of Africa and Brazil." In Ronald H. Chilcote, ed., Protest & Resistance in Angola & Brazil: Comparative Studies, 209-23. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

   ■ Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979. ———. A Igreja Em Angola. Lisbon: Edit. Além-Mar, 1990. Heywood, Linda. Contested Power in Angola 1840s to the Present. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2000.

   ■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

   ■ Hower, Alfred, and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds. Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Isaacman, Allen. "The Prazos da Coroa 1752-1830: A Functional Analysis of the Political System." STUDIA (Lisbon) 26 (1969): 149-78.

   ■. Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution: The Zambezi Prazos, 1750-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial Activity in the Zambesi Valley 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

   ■ James, Martin. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004.

   ■ Jardim, Jorge. Sanctions Double-Cross: Oil to Rhodesia. Lisbon, 1978. Johnson, Harold, and Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva. O Império Luso-Brasileiro 1500-1620. Volume VI. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992. Joliffe, Jill. East Timor: Nationalism & Colonialism. University of Queensland Press, 1978.

   ■ Kea, Ray A. Settlements, Trade and Politics in the Seventeenth Century Gold Coast. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.

   ■ Kohen, Arnold. From the Place of the Dead. The Epic Struggles of Bishop Belo of East Timor. New York: St Martins, 1999.

   ■ Livingstone, Charles, and David Livingstone. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and Its Tributaries. New York: 1866.

   ■ Livingstone, David. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London, 1857.

   ■ Lobban, Richard, and Joshua Forrest. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1996. Lobban, Richard, and Marilyn Halter. Historical Dictionary of Cape Verde, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1993. Martino, Antonio M. Joao de Azevedo Coutinho. Marinheiro e soldado de Portugal. Lisbon: Colibri, 2002. Martins, Rocha. História das Colónias Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1933. Marvaud, Angel. Le Portugal et Ses Colonies. Paris, 1912. Mason, Philip, ed. Angola: A Symposium; Views of a Revolt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961. Melo, João de, ed. Os Anos Da Guerra 1961-1975: Os Portugueses em Africa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1988. Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

   ■ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Portugal. Vinte Anos de Defesa do Estado Português de India. Lisbon, 1967.

   ■. Portugal Replies in the United Nations. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Mondlane, Eduardo. The Struggle for Mozambique. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1969.

   ■ Moreira, Adriano. Política Ultramarina. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■. Portugal's Stand in Africa. New York: University Publishers, 1962.

   ■, and Jose Carlos Venancio. Eds. Luso-Tropicalismo. Uma Teoria Social em Questao. Lisbon: Vega, 2000.

   ■ Múrias, Manuel, ed. História da expansão portuguesa no mundo, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1937-42.

   ■. Short History of Portuguese Colonization. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Newitt, Malyn. Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi: Exploration, Land Tenure and Colonial Rule in East Africa. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1973.

   ■. Portugal in Africa: The Last Hundred Years. London: Longmans, 1981.

   ■. A History of Mozambique. London: Hurst, 1995.

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   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
8 horse

ho:s
noun

1) (a large four-footed animal which is used to pull carts etc or to carry people etc.) caballo

2) (a piece of apparatus used for jumping, vaulting etc in a gymnasium.) potro

•

- horse-box
- horsefly
- horsehair
- horseman
- horsemanship
- horseplay
- horsepower
- horseshoe
- on horseback
- straight from the horse's mouth
- from the horse's mouth

horse n caballo

horse

tr[hɔːs]

noun

1 SMALLZOOLOGY/SMALL caballo

2 (in gym) potro

3 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL caballete nombre masculino

4 slang (heroin) caballo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

hold your horses! figurative use ¡para el carro!

to eat like a horse comer como una lima, tener buen saque

to get on one's high horse figurative use darse ínfulas, tener muchos humos

to get something straight from the horse's mouth figurative use saber algo de buena tinta

wild horses wouldn't... nada en el mundo...

■ wild horses wouldn't make me go back to him no volvería con él por nada en el mundo

horse chestnut SMALLBOTANY/SMALL (tree) castaño de Indias 2 (fruit) castaña de Indias

horse doctor veterinario,-a

horse racing carreras nombre femenino plural de caballos

horse race carrera de caballos

horse rider (man) jinete 2 (woman) amazona

horse riding equitación nombre femenino

horse sense sentido común

horse ['hɔrs] n

: caballo m

horse

adj.

• caballar adj.

• caballo, -a adj.

• hípico, -a adj.

• montado, -a adj.

n.

• caballería s.f.

• caballete s.m.

• caballo s.m.

• corcel s.m.

• gualdera s.f.

• jaca s.f.

hɔːrs, hɔːs
noun

1) c ( Zool) caballo m

from the horse's mouth — (colloq)

I heard it straight from the horse's mouth — me lo dijo él mismo/ella misma

his/her high horse: when he gets on his high horse... cuando se pone a pontificar...; hold your horses (colloq) un momentito!; I could eat a horse tengo un hambre canina; to beat o (BrE) flog a dead horse (colloq) pedirle* peras al olmo; to change horses in midstream cambiar de parecer (or de política etc) a mitad de camino; to eat like a horse comer como un sabañón or como una lima (nueva); wild horses: wild horses wouldn't drag me back to that job por nada del mundo volvería a ese trabajo; you can lead o take a horse to water but you can't make it drink puedes darle un consejo a alguien, pero no puedes obligarlo a que lo siga; (before n) horse riding — (BrE) equitación f

2) c ( vaulting-block) potro m, caballo m (Méx)

3) u ( heroin) (sl) caballo m (arg)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- horse around

[hɔːs]
1. N

1) (Zool) caballo m

- dark horse

- it's a case of horses for courses

- change horses in midstream

- a horse of a different colour

- eat like a horse

- flog a dead horse

- get on one's high horse

- don't look a gift horse in the mouth

- hold your horses!

- be straight from the horse's mouth

2) (in gymnastics) potro m

3) (carpenter's) caballete m

4) (=cavalry) caballería f

5) ** (=heroin) caballo ** m, heroína f

2.

CPD

horse artillery N — artillería f montada

horse brass N — jaez m

horse breaker N — domador(a) m / f de caballos

horse breeder N — criador(a) m / f de caballos

horse chestnut N — (Bot) (=tree) castaño m de Indias; (=fruit) castaña f de Indias

horse collar N — collera f

horse dealer N — chalán m

horse doctor N — veterinario(-a) m / f

Horse Guards NPL — (Brit) Guardia fsing Montada

horse laugh N — risotada f, carcajada f

horse mackerel N — jurel m

horse manure N — abono m de caballo

horse meat N — (Culin) carne f de caballo

horse opera N — (US) película f del Oeste

horse race N — carrera f de caballos

horse racing N — (gen) carreras fpl de caballos; (as sport) hípica f

horse rider N — jinete mf

horse riding N — (Brit) equitación f

horse sense N — sentido m común

horse show N — concurso m hípico

horse trader N — (Pol) chalán(-ana) m / f

horse trading N — (Pol) toma y daca m, chalaneo m

horse trailer N — (US) remolque m para caballerías

horse trials NPL — concurso m hípico

- horse about

* * *
[hɔːrs, hɔːs]
noun

1) c ( Zool) caballo m

from the horse's mouth — (colloq)

I heard it straight from the horse's mouth — me lo dijo él mismo/ella misma

his/her high horse: when he gets on his high horse... cuando se pone a pontificar...; hold your horses (colloq) un momentito!; I could eat a horse tengo un hambre canina; to beat o (BrE) flog a dead horse (colloq) pedirle* peras al olmo; to change horses in midstream cambiar de parecer (or de política etc) a mitad de camino; to eat like a horse comer como un sabañón or como una lima (nueva); wild horses: wild horses wouldn't drag me back to that job por nada del mundo volvería a ese trabajo; you can lead o take a horse to water but you can't make it drink puedes darle un consejo a alguien, pero no puedes obligarlo a que lo siga; (before n) horse riding — (BrE) equitación f

2) c ( vaulting-block) potro m, caballo m (Méx)

3) u ( heroin) (sl) caballo m (arg)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- horse around

English-spanish dictionary > horse
9 price

1. noun
1) (the amount of money for which a thing is or can be bought or sold; the cost: The price of the book was $10.) precio

2) (what one must give up or suffer in order to gain something: Loss of freedom is often the price of success.) precio

2. verb
1) (to mark a price on: I haven't priced these articles yet.) poner/marcar el precio (de)

2) (to find out the price of: He went into the furniture shop to price the beds.) informarse del precio (de)

•

- priceless
- pricey
- at a price
- beyond/without price

price n precio

what is the price of this car? ¿qué precio tiene este coche?

price

tr[praɪs]

noun

1 (gen) precio; (amount, cost) importe nombre masculino; (value) valor nombre masculino

■ what's the price of this jacket? ¿qué precio tiene esta chaqueta?

2 figurative use (cost, sacrifice) precio

transitive verb

1 (fix price of) tener un precio; (value) valorar, tasar; (mark price on) poner el precio a

■ this new model is very competitively priced este nuevo modelo tiene un precio muy competitivo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at a price a un precio caro

at any price a toda costa, cueste lo que cueste, a cualquier precio

not at any price por nada del mundo

to go down in price bajar de precio

to go up in price subir de precio

to pay a high price for something pagar algo muy caro,-a

to price oneself out of the market perder clientes por poner precios muy altos

price control control nombre masculino de precios

price list lista de precios

price reduction descuento, rebaja

price tag etiqueta

set price precio fijo

price ['praɪs] vt, priced ; pricing : poner un precio a

price n

: precio m

peace at any price: la paz a toda costa

price

n.

• costa s.f.

• coste s.m.

• costo s.m.

• cotización s.f.

• curso s.m.

• importe s.m.

• precio s.m.

v.

• fijar el precio de v.

• tarifar v.

• tasar v.

• valorar v.

I praɪs
noun

1) (Busn, Fin) precio m; ( of stocks) cotización f, precio m

house prices — el precio de la vivienda

I got a good price for the car — vendí bien el coche

they're the same price — valen or cuestan lo mismo

at a price of £80 — por 80 libras

at half price — a mitad de precio

accommodation is available, at o for a price — es posible encontrar alojamiento, pero sale or cuesta caro

to go up/down in price — subir/bajar de precio

I couldn't put a price on it — no sabría decir cuánto vale

I'll take the job, if the price is right — aceptaré el trabajo si (me) pagan bien; (before n)

price list — lista f de precios

it's out of my price range — cuesta más de lo que puedo pagar

price rise — subida f or (RPl tb) suba f de precios

2) (cost, sacrifice) precio m

victory was won at a terrible price — se pagó muy cara la victoria

they want peace at any price — quieren la paz cueste lo que cueste or a toda costa

not at any price! — de ningún modo!, por nada del mundo!

what price peace? — ¿va a ser posible lograr la paz?

to pay a/the price for something — pagar* caro algo

that's a small price to pay for independence — bien vale la pena ese sacrificio para ser independiente

3) ( value) (liter) precio m

it's beyond o without price — no tiene precio, es invalorable

one cannot put a price on freedom — la libertad no tiene precio

she sets a high price on loyalty — valora mucho la lealtad

II

transitive verb

a) ( fix price of) (often pass)

their products are reasonably priced — sus productos tienen precios razonables

it was originally priced at over $300 — su precio original era de más de 300 dólares

they have priced themselves out of the market — han subido tanto los precios que se han quedado sin compradores (or clientes etc)

b) ( mark price on) ponerle* el precio a

all items must be clearly priced — todos los artículos deben llevar el precio claramente indicado

[praɪs]
1. N

1) (Comm) precio m

an increase in the price of petrol — un aumento en el precio de la gasolina

we pay top prices for gold and silver — pagamos los mejores precios por el oro y la plata

who knows what the price will be in six months — quién sabe qué precio tendrá dentro de seis meses

that's my price, take it or leave it — eso es lo que pido, o lo tomas o lo dejas

• you can get it at a price — se puede conseguir, pero pagando

it's not for sale at any price — no está a la venta a ningún precio

their loyalty cannot be bought at any price — su lealtad no tiene precio

at a reduced price — a (un) precio reducido, con rebaja

at today's prices — a los precios actuales

• it is beyond price — no tiene precio

• for a price, he'll do it for a price — él lo hará, pero será caro, lo hará si le pagan

you can get anything you want for a price — puedes conseguir todo lo que quieras pagando

he would kill a man for the price of a packet of cigarettes — mataría a un hombre por el precio de una cajetilla de tabaco

two for the price of one — (lit, fig) dos al or por el precio de uno

• can you give me a price for putting in a new window? — ¿cuánto me cobraría usted por colocar una ventana nueva?

• to go down or come down or fall in price — bajar de precio

• to go up or rise in price — subir de precio

• he got a good price for it — sacó una buena suma por ello

• everyone has their price — todos tenemos un precio

• he's got or there's a price on his head — se ha puesto precio a su cabeza

• to name one's price — fijar el precio, decir cuánto se quiere

• to put a price on sth — poner precio a algo

you can't put a price on friendship — la amistad no tiene precio

• if the price is right, he is prepared to make a comeback if the price is right — está dispuesto a volver si se le paga bien

as long as the price is right, property will sell — si está a un buen precio, la propiedad se vende

• what price all his promises now? — iro ¿de qué sirven todas sus promesas ahora?
closing 2., cut-price, fixed 2., half-price, retail 5.
2) (Econ, St Ex) (=quotation) cotización f

stock prices fell again on Wall Street — las cotizaciones en bolsa bajaron de nuevo en Wall Street

3) (Betting) (=odds) puntos mpl de ventaja

- what price...?

what price she'll change her mind? — ¿qué apuestas a que cambia de opinión?

what price war? — ¿qué apuestas a que estallará la guerra?

4) (=sacrifice) precio m

that's the price we have to pay for progress, that's the price of progress — es el precio que tenemos que pagar por el progreso

to pay the price (for sth) — cargar con or pagar las consecuencias (de algo)

• fame comes at a price — la fama se paga cara

he's famous now, but at what a price! — ahora es famoso, ¡pero a qué precio! or ¡pero lo ha pagado caro!

• at any price — (with affirmative) a toda costa

they want peace at any price — quieren la paz a toda costa (with negative)

a concert I wasn't going to miss at any price — un concierto que no me iba a perder por nada del mundo

• to pay a high or heavy price for sth — pagar algo muy caro

• that's a small price to pay for independence/for keeping him happy — eso es poco sacrificio a cambio de la independencia/de tenerlo contento

2. VT

1) (=fix price of)

retailers usually price goods by adding 100% to the wholesale price — los minoristas normalmente ponen precio a sus productos añadiendo un cien por cien al precio de coste, los minoristas normalmente cargan un cien por cien al precio de coste de sus productos

tickets, priced £20, are now available — las entradas ya están a la venta a un precio de 20 libras

it was priced too high/low — su precio era demasiado alto/bajo

this stylish fryer, competitively priced at £29.99, can help you create new dishes — por solo £29.99, esta elegante freidora puede ayudarle a crear nuevos platos

• there is a very reasonably priced menu — hay un menú a un precio muy razonable

- price sb out of the market

the restaurant has priced itself out of the market — el restaurante ha subido demasiado los precios y ha perdido su competitividad en el mercado

you'll price yourself out of a job if you go on demanding so much money — como sigas exigiendo tanto dinero, pondrás en peligro tu trabajo

2) (=label with price)

the tins of salmon weren't clearly priced — el precio de la latas de salmón no estaba claro or claramente indicado

• it was priced at £15 — estaba marcado a un precio de 15 libras

3) (=estimate value of) calcular el valor de

• it was priced at £1,000 — estaba valorado en mil libras

4) (=find out price of) comprobar el precio de

3.

CPD

price bracket N —

he's looking for a property in the £70,000 price bracket — está buscando una vivienda que cueste alrededor de las setenta mil libras

that is the normal price bracket for one of his creations — ese es el precio normal de or eso es lo que se paga normalmente por una de sus creaciones

a traditional restaurant in the middle price bracket — un restaurante tradicional con precios de un nivel medio (dentro de la escala)

price control N — control m de precios

to impose price controls — aplicar control de precios

price cut N — rebaja f

price cutting N — reducción f de precios

price-earnings ratio N — (Econ) relación f precio ganancias

price fixing N — fijación f de precios

price freeze N — congelación f de precios

price increase N — subida f de precio

price index N — (Brit) índice m de precios
consumer 2.
price inflation N — inflación f de los precios

price level N — nivel m de precios

price limit N — tope m, precio m tope

price list N — lista f de precios

price point N — rango m de precios

no price point exists for the machine yet — todavía no se ha establecido ningún rango de precios para la máquina

price range N —

there are lots of good products in all price ranges — hay gran cantidad de productos de buena calidad en una amplia gama de precios

in the medium or middle price range — dentro de un nivel medio de la escala de precios

the upper/lower end of the price range — el nivel más alto/bajo en la escala de precios

(with)in/out of one's price range — dentro de/fuera de las posibilidades de uno

the hotel was somewhat out of my price range — el hotel estaba un tanto fuera de mis posibilidades

price rigging N — fijación f fraudulenta de precios

they were accused of price rigging — se les acusó de amañar los precios

price ring N — cártel m (para la fijación de precios)

price rise N — = price increase

prices and incomes policy N — política f de precios y salarios, política f de precios y rentas

price support N — subsidio m de precios

price tag N — (lit) etiqueta f (del precio); (fig) precio m

it doesn't justify the price tag of £17.5 million — no justifica un precio de 17,5 millones de libras

price war N — guerra f de precios

- price down

- price up

* * *

I [praɪs]
noun

1) (Busn, Fin) precio m; ( of stocks) cotización f, precio m

house prices — el precio de la vivienda

I got a good price for the car — vendí bien el coche

they're the same price — valen or cuestan lo mismo

at a price of £80 — por 80 libras

at half price — a mitad de precio

accommodation is available, at o for a price — es posible encontrar alojamiento, pero sale or cuesta caro

to go up/down in price — subir/bajar de precio

I couldn't put a price on it — no sabría decir cuánto vale

I'll take the job, if the price is right — aceptaré el trabajo si (me) pagan bien; (before n)

price list — lista f de precios

it's out of my price range — cuesta más de lo que puedo pagar

price rise — subida f or (RPl tb) suba f de precios

2) (cost, sacrifice) precio m

victory was won at a terrible price — se pagó muy cara la victoria

they want peace at any price — quieren la paz cueste lo que cueste or a toda costa

not at any price! — de ningún modo!, por nada del mundo!

what price peace? — ¿va a ser posible lograr la paz?

to pay a/the price for something — pagar* caro algo

that's a small price to pay for independence — bien vale la pena ese sacrificio para ser independiente

3) ( value) (liter) precio m

it's beyond o without price — no tiene precio, es invalorable

one cannot put a price on freedom — la libertad no tiene precio

she sets a high price on loyalty — valora mucho la lealtad

II

transitive verb

a) ( fix price of) (often pass)

their products are reasonably priced — sus productos tienen precios razonables

it was originally priced at over $300 — su precio original era de más de 300 dólares

they have priced themselves out of the market — han subido tanto los precios que se han quedado sin compradores (or clientes etc)

b) ( mark price on) ponerle* el precio a

all items must be clearly priced — todos los artículos deben llevar el precio claramente indicado

English-spanish dictionary > price
10 realm

relm
noun

1) (a kingdom.) reino

2) (an area of activity, interest etc: She's well-known in the realm of sport.) dominio, sector

realm

tr[relm]

noun

1 (kingdom) reino

2 (field) campo, terreno

realm ['rɛlm] n

1) kingdom: reino m

2) sphere: esfera f, campo m

realm

n.

• dominio s.m.

• reino s.m.

relm
noun

a) ( kingdom) (frml) reino m

b) ( sphere) (often pl)

the realms of the imagination — el mundo de la imaginación

the realm of science/politics — el mundo de la ciencia/política

that's outside o beyond the realms of possibility — es totalmente imposible

[relm]
N (lit) (Jur) reino m ; (fig) (=field) esfera f, campo m
in the realms of fantasy — en el reino de la fantasía

in the realm of the possible — dentro de lo posible

in the realm of speculation — en la esfera de la especulación

* * *
[relm]
noun

a) ( kingdom) (frml) reino m

b) ( sphere) (often pl)

the realms of the imagination — el mundo de la imaginación

the realm of science/politics — el mundo de la ciencia/política

that's outside o beyond the realms of possibility — es totalmente imposible

English-spanish dictionary > realm
11 write

past tense - wrote; verb

1) (to draw (letters or other forms of script) on a surface, especially with a pen or pencil on paper: They wrote their names on a sheet of paper; The child has learned to read and write; Please write in ink.) escribir

2) (to compose the text of (a book, poem etc): She wrote a book on prehistoric monsters.) escribir

3) (to compose a letter (and send it): He has written a letter to me about this matter; I'll write you a long letter about my holiday; I wrote to you last week.) escribir

•

- writer
- writing
- writings
- written
- writing-paper
- write down
- write out

write vb escribir

I want you to write a story quiero que escribáis un cuento

who wrote this letter? ¿quién ha escrito esta carta?

El pasado de write es wrote y el participio pasado es written; el gerundio se escribe writing

write

tr[raɪt]

transitive verb (pt wrote tr[rəʊt], pp written tr['rɪtən], ger writing)

1 (gen) escribir; (article) redactar; (cheque) extender

intransitive verb

1 (gen) escribir ( about, sobre)

he writes for a newspaper escribe en un periódico

we write to each other nos escribimos

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be nothing to write home about no ser nada del otro mundo

to be written all over somebody's face llevar (algo) escrito en la cara, estar impreso,-a en la cara

it's written all over your face se te nota en la cara

write ['raɪt] v, wrote ['ro:t] ; written ['rɪtə n] ; writing : escribir

write

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: wrote, written) = escribir v.

• redactar v.

raɪt
1.

(past wrote; past p written) transitive verb

a) ( put in writing) escribir*

how do you write that? — ¿cómo se escribe?

I wrote him a letter — le escribí una carta

to write somebody a check o (BrE) cheque — extenderle* or hacerle* un cheque a alguien

(to have something) written all over one/one's face: jealousy was written all over him/his face — se le notaba a la legua/en la cara que estaba celoso

b) ( write letter to) (AmE) escribirle* a

c) ( Comput) escribir*

to write something to disk o (BrE also) disc — traspasar algo a un disco

2.

vi escribir*

this pencil doesn't write very well — este lápiz no escribe muy bien

she writes for a newspaper/for television — escribe en un periódico/para la televisión

to write ABOUT/ON something — escribir* acerca de or sobre algo

to write TO somebody — escribirle* a alguien

I am writing in response to the advertisement which... — me dirijo a ustedes con relación al anuncio que...

I write home once a week — escribo a casa una vez por semana

to be nothing to write home about — no ser* nada del otro mundo or (fam) nada del otro jueves

Phrasal Verbs:

- write away

- write back

- write down

- write in

- write off

- write out

- write up

[raɪt] (pt wrote) (pp written)
1. VT

1) (gen) [+ letter, book, essay, article] escribir; [+ music, song] escribir, componer

he's just written another novel — acaba de escribir otra novela

write your name here — escribe or pon tu nombre aquí

how do you write his name? — ¿cómo se escribe su nombre?

he's got an essay to write — tiene que escribir una redacción

she writes that she is very happy in her new life — dice en la carta que está muy contenta con su nueva vida

it is written that... — está escrito que...

to write sb a cheque — hacer un cheque a algn, extender un cheque a algn more frm

to write a letter to sb, write sb a letter — escribir (una carta) a algn

to write a note to/for sb — escribir una nota a algn

to write sb a prescription, write a prescription for sb — hacer una receta a algn

to have sth written all over one —

he had "policeman" written all over him * — se le notaba a la legua que era policía

his guilt was written all over him * — se le veía or notaba en la cara que era culpable

you're lying, it's written all over your face! * — estás mintiendo, se te nota a la legua or en la cara

2) (=write a letter to)
(US)
to write sb — escribir a algn

3) (Comput) [+ program, software] escribir

to write sth to disk — pasar algo a un disco

2. VI

1) (in longhand) escribir

write on both sides of the paper — escribe por los dos lados del papel

this pen writes well — esta pluma escribe muy bien

2) (=correspond) escribir

she wrote to say that she'd be late — escribió para avisar que llegaría tarde

I am writing in reply to your advertisement — les escribo en respuesta a su anuncio

I'll write for a catalogue — escribiré pidiendo un catálogo

to write to sb — escribir a algn

- it's nothing to write home about

3) (as author, journalist) escribir

he writes for a living — se gana la vida escribiendo

he writes about social policy — escribe sobre política social

he writes for the "Times" — escribe or colabora en el "Times"

he writes on foreign policy for the "Guardian" — escribe sobre política internacional para el "Guardian"

- write away

- write back

- write down

- write in

- write into

- write off

- write out

- write up

* * *
[raɪt]
1.

(past wrote; past p written) transitive verb

a) ( put in writing) escribir*

how do you write that? — ¿cómo se escribe?

I wrote him a letter — le escribí una carta

to write somebody a check o (BrE) cheque — extenderle* or hacerle* un cheque a alguien

(to have something) written all over one/one's face: jealousy was written all over him/his face — se le notaba a la legua/en la cara que estaba celoso

b) ( write letter to) (AmE) escribirle* a

c) ( Comput) escribir*

to write something to disk o (BrE also) disc — traspasar algo a un disco

2.

vi escribir*

this pencil doesn't write very well — este lápiz no escribe muy bien

she writes for a newspaper/for television — escribe en un periódico/para la televisión

to write ABOUT/ON something — escribir* acerca de or sobre algo

to write TO somebody — escribirle* a alguien

I am writing in response to the advertisement which... — me dirijo a ustedes con relación al anuncio que...

I write home once a week — escribo a casa una vez por semana

to be nothing to write home about — no ser* nada del otro mundo or (fam) nada del otro jueves

Phrasal Verbs:

- write away

- write back

- write down

- write in

- write off

- write out

- write up

English-spanish dictionary > write
12 go into

1) (to make a careful study of (something): We'll need to go into this plan in detail.) estudiar en profundidad, examinar, investigar

2) (to discuss in detail: I don't want to go into the problems at the moment.) entrar en, discutir

go into vb entrar en

he went into the kitchen entró en la cocina

go into

v.

• adentrar v.

• trascender v.

v + prep + o

1)

a) ( enter) \<\<room/building\>\> entrar en, entrar a (AmL)

b) ( crash into) \<\<car/wall\>\> chocar* contra

c) ( fit into) entrar en

d) ( be divisible into)

5 goes into 20 4 times — 20 dividido por 5 da 4

5 into 11 doesn't go — 11 no es divisible por 5

2)

a) (start, embark on) \<\<phase/era\>\> entrar en, empezar*

b) ( enter certain state) \<\<comaance\>\> entrar en

he went into hysterics — le dio un ataque de histeria

c) ( enter profession) \<\<television/Parliament\>\> entrar en

she wants to go into publishing — quiere meterse en el mundo editorial

3)

a) (discuss, explain) entrar en

I don't want to go into that — no quiero entrar en ese tema

she refused to go into why she resigned — se negó a explicar por qué había dimitido

b) (investigate, analyze) \<\<problem/motives\>\> analizar*, estudiar

4) ( be devoted to)

after all the money/work that has gone into this! — después de todo el dineroabajo que se ha metido en esto!

so much time and energy goes into keeping the place tidy — lleva mucho tiempo y esfuerzo mantenerlo todo ordenado

VI + PREP

1) (=enter) (lit) entrar en

she went into the kitchen — entró en la cocina

to go into politics — entrar en la política, dedicarse a la política

he doesn't want to go into industry — no quiere dedicarse a la industria

he's thinking about going into the police force — está pensando entrar en el cuerpo de policía
hiding I, 1.
2) (=go to)

Ed has had to go into work — Ed ha tenido que ir a trabajar

he's had to go into hospital — ha tenido que ingresar en el hospital

3) (=embark on) [+ explanation, details] meterse en; (=investigate, examine) examinar a fondo

let's not go into all that now — dejemos todo eso por ahora

4) (=fall into) [+ trance, coma] entrar en

he went into fits of laughter — le entró or le dio un ataque de risa

5) (=be spent on) [money, resources] dedicarse a

a lot of money went into the research — se dedicó mucho dinero a la investigación

6) (Aut)

to go into first gear — meter primera velocidad

they went into the back of a lorry in the ice — resbalaron sobre el hielo y chocaron contra la parte trasera de un camión

* * *

v + prep + o

1)

a) ( enter) \<\<room/building\>\> entrar en, entrar a (AmL)

b) ( crash into) \<\<car/wall\>\> chocar* contra

c) ( fit into) entrar en

d) ( be divisible into)

5 goes into 20 4 times — 20 dividido por 5 da 4

5 into 11 doesn't go — 11 no es divisible por 5

2)

a) (start, embark on) \<\<phase/era\>\> entrar en, empezar*

b) ( enter certain state) \<\<coma/trance\>\> entrar en

he went into hysterics — le dio un ataque de histeria

c) ( enter profession) \<\<television/Parliament\>\> entrar en

she wants to go into publishing — quiere meterse en el mundo editorial

3)

a) (discuss, explain) entrar en

I don't want to go into that — no quiero entrar en ese tema

she refused to go into why she resigned — se negó a explicar por qué había dimitido

b) (investigate, analyze) \<\<problem/motives\>\> analizar*, estudiar

4) ( be devoted to)

after all the money/work that has gone into this! — después de todo el dinero/trabajo que se ha metido en esto!

so much time and energy goes into keeping the place tidy — lleva mucho tiempo y esfuerzo mantenerlo todo ordenado

English-spanish dictionary > go into
13 scene

si:n
noun

1) (the place where something real or imaginary happens: A murderer sometimes revisits the scene of his crime; The scene of this opera is laid/set in Switzerland.) escena

2) (an incident etc which is seen or remembered: He recalled scenes from his childhood.) escena, episodio, incidente

3) (a show of anger: I was very angry but I didn't want to make a scene.) escena

4) (a view of a landscape etc: The sheep grazing on the hillside made a peaceful scene.) cuadro, paisaje, panorama

5) (one part or division of a play etc: The hero died in the first scene of the third act of the play.) escena

6) (the setting or background for a play etc: Scene-changing must be done quickly.) escenario, decorado

7) (a particular area of activity: the academic/business scene.) escenario

•

- scenery
- scenic
- behind the scenes
- come on the scene

scene n

1. escena

the first act in the play has two scenes el primer acto de la obra tiene dos escenas

2. lugar

a crowd gathered at the scene of the accident se reunió una muchedumbre en el lugar del accidente

scene

tr[siːn]

noun

1 (place) lugar nombre masculino, escenario; (sight, picture) escena

■ the scene of the crime el lugar del crimen

■ a change of scene un cambio de aires, un cambio de ambiente

■ there were scenes of violence hubo escenas de violencia

2 (in play, book) escena

■ Act III, Scene 1 Acto Tercero, Escena Primera

■ the love scene la escena de amor

3 (stage setting) decorado, escenario

■ a rural scene un decorado rural

4 (emotional outburst) escena, escándalo

5 (sphere) ámbito, mundo, panorama nombre masculino

■ the music scene el mundo musical

■ discos are not really my scene a mí no me van las discotecas

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to come on the scene llegar, aparecer, presentarse

to create/make a scene hacer una escena, armar un escándalo, montar un número

to set the scene (describe) describir la escena 2 (prepare, help) crear el ambiente, preparar el terreno

scene ['si:n] n

1) : escena f (en una obra de teatro)

2) scenery: decorado m (en el teatro)

3) view: escena f

4) locale: escenario m

5) commotion, fuss: escándalo m, escena f

to make a scene: armar un escándalo

scene

n.

• escena s.f.

• escenario s.m.

• paisaje s.m.

• perspectiva s.f.

• vista s.f.

siːn
noun

1)

a) ( place)

Golden Square, the scene of violent demonstrations — Golden Square, escenario de violentas manifestaciones

the scene of the crime — la escena or el lugar del crimen

the police were on the scene within minutes — la policía llegó al lugar de los hechos en pocos minutos

to appear on the scene — aparecer*, llegar*

to set the scene (for something) — situar* la escena (de algo)

b) (view, situation) escena f

scenes from everyday life — escenas de la vida cotidiana

2) (in play, book etc) escena f

Act One, Scene Three — acto primero, escena tercera

3) ( stage setting) decorado m

behind the scenes — entre bastidores; (before n)

scene change — cambio m de decorado

4) (fuss, row) escena f

to make o create a scene — hacer* una escena, armar un escándalo, montar un número (Esp fam)

5) ( sphere) ámbito m

the political scene — el ámbito político

the (gay) scene — el ambiente (gay)

the drug scene — el mundo de la droga

it's not my scene — (colloq) no es lo mío

[siːn]
1. N

1) (Theat, Cine, TV, Literat) escena f

Act I, Scene 1 — acto I, escena 1

• a bedroom scene — una escena de dormitorio

• behind the scenes — (lit, fig) entre bastidores

• the big scene in the film — la principal escena de la película

• indoor scene — interior m

• love scenes — escenas fpl de amor

• outdoor scene — exterior m

• the scene is set in a castle — la escena tiene lugar en un castillo

to set the scene for a love affair — crear el ambiente para una aventura sentimental

now let our reporter set the scene for you — ahora permitan que nuestro reportero les describa la escena

2) (=sight) escena f

• it was an amazing scene — era una escena asombrosa

• it was a scene of utter destruction — la escena or el panorama era de destrucción total

• there were scenes of violence — hubo escenas de violencia

3) (=view) vista f, panorama m ; (=landscape) paisaje m

the scene from the top is marvellous — desde la cumbre la vista es maravillosa or el panorama es maravilloso

the scene spread out before you — el panorama que tienes delante

it is a lonely scene — es un paisaje solitario

4) (=place) escenario m, lugar m

the scenes of one's early life — los lugares frecuentados por uno en su juventud

• to appear or come on the scene — llegar

when I came on the scene — cuando llegué

he appeared unexpectedly on the scene — se presentó inesperadamente

• I need a change of scene — necesito un cambio de aires

• the scene of the crime — el lugar or escenario del crimen

• to disappear from the scene — desaparecer (de escena)

• the scene of the disaster — el lugar de la catástrofe

• the police were soon on the scene — la policía no tardó en acudir al lugar de los hechos
(Mil)
• the scene of operations — el teatro de operaciones

5) (=sphere of activity)

• to be part of the Madrid scene — formar parte de la movida madrileña *

• the music scene — la escena musical

• it's not my scene * — no me interesa or llama la atención

• the political scene in Spain — el panorama político español

to disappear from the political scene — desaparecer de la escena política

• the pop scene — el mundo del pop

6) (=painting, drawing) escena f

country scenes — escenas fpl campestres

7) * (=fuss) escena f, escándalo m, bronca f (esp LAm)

• try to avoid a scene — procura que no se monte una escena or el número *

• I hate scenes — detesto las escenas or los escándalos

• to make a scene — hacer or montar una escena, montar un número *

• she had a scene with her husband — riñó con su marido

8) (=display of emotion)

• there were emotional scenes as the hostages appeared — hubo escenas de emoción cuando aparecieron los rehenes

• their argument ended in an ugly scene — su discusión acabó mal

• there were unhappy scenes at the meeting — en la reunión pasaron cosas nada agradables

2.

CPD

scene change N — (Theat) cambio m de escena

scene painter N — (=designer) escenógrafo(-a) m / f ; (=workman) pintor(a) m / f (de paredes)

scene shift N — cambio m de escena

scene shifter N — tramoyista mf

* * *
[siːn]
noun

1)

a) ( place)

Golden Square, the scene of violent demonstrations — Golden Square, escenario de violentas manifestaciones

the scene of the crime — la escena or el lugar del crimen

the police were on the scene within minutes — la policía llegó al lugar de los hechos en pocos minutos

to appear on the scene — aparecer*, llegar*

to set the scene (for something) — situar* la escena (de algo)

b) (view, situation) escena f

scenes from everyday life — escenas de la vida cotidiana

2) (in play, book etc) escena f

Act One, Scene Three — acto primero, escena tercera

3) ( stage setting) decorado m

behind the scenes — entre bastidores; (before n)

scene change — cambio m de decorado

4) (fuss, row) escena f

to make o create a scene — hacer* una escena, armar un escándalo, montar un número (Esp fam)

5) ( sphere) ámbito m

the political scene — el ámbito político

the (gay) scene — el ambiente (gay)

the drug scene — el mundo de la droga

it's not my scene — (colloq) no es lo mío

English-spanish dictionary > scene
14 common

'komən
1. adjective
1) (seen or happening often; quite normal or usual: a common occurrence; These birds are not so common nowadays.) corriente

2) (belonging equally to, or shared by, more than one: This knowledge is common to all of us; We share a common language.) común

3) (publicly owned: common property.) público

4) (coarse or impolite: She uses some very common expressions.) ordinario

5) (of ordinary, not high, social rank: the common people.) corriente

6) (of a noun, not beginning with a capital letter (except at the beginning of a sentence): The house is empty.) común

2. noun
((a piece of) public land for everyone to use, with few or no buildings: the village common.) tierras comunales

- commoner
- common knowledge
- common law
- common-law
- commonplace
- common-room
- common sense
- the Common Market
- the House of Commons
- the Commons
- in common

common adj común

foxes are quite common in Britain los zorros son bastante comunes en Gran Bretaña

they joined to fight their common enemy se unieron para luchar contra el enemigo común

El comparativo de common es commoner o more common; el superlativo es commonest o most common

common

tr['kɒmən]

adjective

1 (ordinary, average) corriente

■ the common people la gente corriente

■ a common soldier un soldado raso

2 (usual, not scarce) común, corriente

■ the common cold el resfriado común

■ it's quite common for mothers to suffer from postnatal depression es bastante común que las madres padezcan una depresión posparto

3 (shared, joint) común

■ common ground puntos en común

■ for the common good por el bien común, por el bien de todos

4 pejorative (vulgar) ordinario,-a

noun

1 (land) campo comunal, terreno comunal, tierras nombre femenino plural comunales

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as common as dirt / as common as muck muy ordinario,-a

common or garden normal y corriente

in common en común

in common with (like) al igual que

to be common knowledge ser de dominio público

to have something in common with somebody tener algo en común con alguien

to make common cause with somebody hacer causa común con alguien

common decency educación nombre femenino

common denominator denominador nombre masculino común

common factor factor nombre masculino común

common law derecho consuetudinario

Common Market Mercado Común

common noun nombre nombre masculino común

common room SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL sala de reunión

common sense sentido común

common time SMALLMUSIC/SMALL cuatro por cuatro

the common touch el contacto con el pueblo

common ['kɑmən] adj

1) public: común, público

the common good: el bien común

2) shared: común

a common interest: un interés común

3) general: común, general

it's common knowledge: todo el mundo lo sabe

4) ordinary: ordinario, común y corriente

the common man: el hombre medio, el hombre de la calle

common n

1) : tierra f comunal

2)

in common : en común

common

adj.

• adocenado, -a adj.

• burdo, -a adj.

• común adj.

• consuetudinario, -a adj.

• frecuente adj.

• genérico, -a adj.

• ramplón, -ona adj.

• regular adj.

• usual adj.

I 'kɑːmən, 'kɒmən
adjective

1)

a) (widespread, prevalent) común, corriente

the common cold — el resfriado común

(to be) in common use — (ser*) de uso corriente

b) (average, normal) < soldier> raso

the common man — el hombre medio or de la calle

the common people — la gente común y corriente

I was treated like a common criminal — me trataron como a un vulgar delincuente

it's common decency — es una cuestión de elemental (buena) educación

c) (low class, vulgar) ordinario

2)

a) (shared, mutual) común

common ground — puntos mpl en común or de coincidencia

to be common TO something — ser* común a algo

b) ( public)

it's common knowledge — todo el mundo lo sabe

by common consent he's the best — todos coinciden en que es el mejor

the common good — el bien común or de todos

II

noun

1) u (in phrases)

in common — en común

to have something in common (with somebody) — tener* algo en común (con alguien)

in common with — (as prep) al igual que; see also Commons

2) c ( in UK) terreno perteneciente al municipio

['kɒmǝn]
1. ADJ

1) (=usual, ordinary) [event, experience, name, species] común, corriente; [misconception, mistake] común, frecuente

this butterfly is common in Spain — esta mariposa es común or corriente en España

it is common for these animals to die young — es corriente or frecuente que estos animales mueran jóvenes

• it is a common belief that... — es una creencia extendida or generalizada que...

common belief has it that... — según la opinión generalizada...

• it's (just) common courtesy — es una cortesía elemental

• the common man — el hombre de la calle, el hombre medio

• it's a common occurrence — es corriente que suceda

• in common parlance — en lenguaje corriente

• the common people — la gente corriente

• it is common practice in the USA — es una práctica común en EE.UU.

• pigeons are a common sight in London — es corriente or frecuente ver palomas en Londres

• the common soldier — el soldado raso

• to have the common touch — saber tratar con la gente corriente

• in common use — de uso corriente

- common or garden

2) (=shared) [cause, aim, language] común

to work for a common aim — cooperar para un mismo fin or para un objetivo común

• by common agreement or consent — de común acuerdo

• for the common good — para el bien común, para el bien de todos

• common ground — (fig) puntos mpl en común, puntos mpl de confluencia or acuerdo

• they discussed several issues of common interest — hablaron de varios asuntos de interés común or de interés mutuo

• it is common knowledge that... — es del dominio público que...

• the desire for freedom is common to all people — todo el mundo comparte el deseo de la libertad

3) pej (=vulgar) [person, behaviour, speech] ordinario, basto

- as common as muck

4) (Zool, Bot) común

the common house fly — la mosca común

2. N

1) (=land) campo m comunal, ejido m

2) (Brit)
(Pol)
the Commons — (la Cámera de) los Comunes
house 1., 3)
3)

in common: we have a lot in common (with other people) — tenemos mucho en común (con otra gente)

we have nothing in common — no tenemos nada en común

in common with many other companies, we advertise in the local press — al igual que otras muchas empresas, nos anunciamos en la prensa local

3.

CPD

the Common Agricultural Policy N — la Política Agrícola Común

common cold N — resfriado m común

common core N — (Scol) (also: common-core syllabus) asignaturas fpl comunes

common currency N —

to become/be common currency — [idea, belief] convertirse en/ser moneda corriente

common denominator N — (Math) común denominador m

lowest common denominator — mínimo común denominador m

Common Entrance N — (Brit) (Scol) examen de acceso a un colegio de enseñanza privada

common factor N — (Math) factor m común

common land N — propiedad f comunal

common law N — (Jur) (established by custom) derecho m consuetudinario; (based on precedent) jurisprudencia f
common-law
the Common Market N — el Mercado Común

common noun N — nombre m común

common ownership N — (=joint ownership) copropiedad f ; (Pol) (=collective ownership) propiedad f colectiva

the Book of Common Prayer N — la liturgia de la Iglesia Anglicana

common room N — (esp Brit) (for students) sala f de estudiantes; (for teachers) sala f de profesores

common salt N — sal f común

common sense N — sentido m común
commonsense
common stock N — (US) (St Ex) acciones fpl ordinarias

common time N — (Mus) cuatro m por cuatro

common wall N — pared f medianera
COMMON LAW Se llama common law o case law (derecho consuetudinario o jurisprudencia), al conjunto de leyes basadas en el fallo de los tribunales, a diferencia de las leyes establecidas por escrito en el Parlamento. El derecho consuetudinario inglés se desarrolló después de la conquista normanda, cuando los jueces basaban sus decisiones en la tradición o en el precedente judicial. La jurisprudencia sigue usándose como base del sistema legal anglosajón, aunque va perdiendo vigencia por el desarrollo del derecho escrito.
See:

see cultural note ACT OF PARLIAMENT in act,

see cultural note CONSTITUTION in constitution

* * *

I ['kɑːmən, 'kɒmən]
adjective

1)

a) (widespread, prevalent) común, corriente

the common cold — el resfriado común

(to be) in common use — (ser*) de uso corriente

b) (average, normal) < soldier> raso

the common man — el hombre medio or de la calle

the common people — la gente común y corriente

I was treated like a common criminal — me trataron como a un vulgar delincuente

it's common decency — es una cuestión de elemental (buena) educación

c) (low class, vulgar) ordinario

2)

a) (shared, mutual) común

common ground — puntos mpl en común or de coincidencia

to be common TO something — ser* común a algo

b) ( public)

it's common knowledge — todo el mundo lo sabe

by common consent he's the best — todos coinciden en que es el mejor

the common good — el bien común or de todos

II

noun

1) u (in phrases)

in common — en común

to have something in common (with somebody) — tener* algo en común (con alguien)

in common with — (as prep) al igual que; see also Commons

2) c ( in UK) terreno perteneciente al municipio

English-spanish dictionary > common
15 deal

1. di:l noun
1) (a bargain or arrangement: a business deal.) trato, acuerdo, pacto

2) (the act of dividing cards among players in a card game.) reparto

2. delt verb
1) (to do business, especially to buy and sell: I think he deals in stocks and shares.) comerciar

2) (to distribute (cards).) repartir

•

- dealer
- dealing
- deal with
- a good deal / a great deal

deal¹ n trato / acuerdo

let's make a deal hagamos un trato

a good deal / a great deal mucho

a great deal of money mucho dinero

deal² vb

1. tratar

I usually deal with his son normalmente trato con su hijo

2. ocuparse

I will deal with your problem later me ocuparé de tu problema luego

El pasado y participio pasado de deal es dealt

deal

tr[diːl]

noun

1 (agreement) trato, acuerdo, pacto; (financial) acuerdo

■ it's a deal! ¡trato hecho!

■ the deal's off! ¡no hay trato!

■ management and unions have reached a pay deal la patronal y los sindicatos han llegado a un acuerdo salarial

2 (treatment) trato

■ she's had a bit of a rough deal lo ha pasado bastante mal

3 (amount) cantidad nombre femenino

■ a great deal of money mucho dinero

■ she's a great deal better está mucho mejor

■ he learnt a great deal from his father aprendió mucho de su padre

4 (in card games) reparto

■ it's your deal te toca a ti repartir

transitive verb (pt & pp dealt tr[delt])

1 (cards) repartir, dar

2 (drugs) traficar

intransitive verb

1 (cards) repartir, dar

2 (drugs) traficar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

big deal! ¡vaya cosa!, ¡qué horror!

it's no big deal no es nada de otro mundo

to deal somebody a blow/deal a blow to somebody asestarle un golpe a alguien

to do a deal with somebody / make a deal with somebody llegar a un acuerdo con alguien, hacer un trato con alguien

to make a big deal out of something hacer un problema de algo

fair deal / square deal trato justo

deal ['di:l] v, dealt ; dealing vt

1) apportion: repartir

to deal justice: repartir la justicia

2) distribute: repartir, dar (naipes)

3) deliver: asestar, propinar

to deal a blow: asestar un golpe

deal vi

1) : dar, repartir (en juegos de naipes)

2)

to deal in : comerciar en, traficar con (drogas)

3)

to deal with concern: tratar de, tener que ver con

the book deals with poverty: el libro trata de la pobreza

4)

to deal with handle: tratar (con), encargarse de

5)

to deal with treat: tratar

the judge dealt with him severely: el juez lo trató con severidad

6)

to deal with accept: aceptar (una situación o desgracia)

deal n

1) : reparto m (de naipes)

2) agreement, transaction: trato m, acuerdo m, transacción f

3) treatment: trato m

he got a raw deal: le hicieron una injusticia

4) bargain: ganga f, oferta f

5)

a good dealor a great deal : mucho, una gran cantidad

deal

n.

• negocio s.m.

• partido s.m.

• reparto s.m.

• trato s.m.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: dealt) = comerciar v.

• mercadear v.

• negociar v.

• repartir v.

• traficar v.

• tratar v.

diːl
I

noun

1)

a) ( indicating amount)

it makes a great/good o fair deal of difference — cambia mucho/bastante las cosas

I've given it a great deal of thought — he reflexionado mucho sobre el asunto

a great deal of money — mucho dinero

b)

a great/good deal — (as adv)

we've seen a great deal of her lately — la hemos visto mucho or muy a menudo últimamente

2) c

a) ( agreement) trato m, acuerdo m

it's a deal! — trato hecho!

to do o make a deal with somebody — llegar* a un acuerdo con alguien, hacer* un trato or un pacto con alguien

what's the deal? — (AmE colloq) ¿qué pasa?

to make a big deal out of something: she made such a big deal out of choosing a hat hizo tantos aspavientos para elegir un sombrero; it's no big deal — no es nada del otro mundo

b) ( financial arrangement) acuerdo m

she got a very good deal when she left the company — llegó a un buen arreglo económico al dejar la compañía

c) ( bargain)

you'll get a better deal if you shop around — lo conseguirás más barato si vas a otras tiendas

3) ( treatment) trato m

she's had a raw deal in life — la vida la ha tratado muy mal

4) ( Games) (no pl) reparto m ( de las cartas)

it's my deal — me toca a mí dar or repartir, doy or reparto yo

II
1.

(past & past p dealt) transitive verb

1) \<\<cards\>\> dar*, repartir

2)

to deal somebody/something a blow — asestarle un golpe a alguien/algo

2.

vi ( Games) dar*, repartir

Phrasal Verbs:

- deal in

- deal out

- deal with

I [diːl] (vb: pt, pp dealt)
1. N

1) (=agreement) acuerdo m, trato m

a new deal for the miners — un nuevo acuerdo salarial para los mineros

we're looking for a better deal — buscamos un arreglo más equitativo

it's a deal! * — ¡trato hecho!

• to do or make a deal with sb — hacer un trato con algn, llegar a un acuerdo con algn

• the New Deal — (US) (Pol) la nueva política económica de los EE.UU. aplicada por Roosevelt entre 1933 y 1940

• pay deal — acuerdo m salarial

- it's a done deal

2) (=transaction) trato m, transacción f

the company lost thousands of pounds on the deal — la empresa perdió miles de libras con ese trato or en esa transacción

• arms deal — venta f de armas

• big deal! — iro ¡vaya cosa!

he only asked me out for a drink, what's the big deal? — solo me invitó a tomar algo por ahí, ¿qué tiene eso de raro?

this sort of thing happens every day, it's no big deal — estas cosas pasan todos los días, no es nada del otro mundo

• business deal — (between companies, countries) acuerdo m or trato m comercial; (by individual) negocio m

• to make a big deal (out) of sth * — dar mucha or demasiada importancia a algo

I tried not to make a big deal out of it but I was really annoyed — intenté no darle mucha or demasiada importancia pero estaba muy enfadado

don't make such a big deal out of it! — ¡no hagas una montaña de un grano de arena!

3) (=treatment) trato m

• a bad/fair/ good deal — un trato malo/justo/bueno

homeowners are getting a bad deal from this government — los propietarios de viviendas están saliendo malparados con este gobierno

working women are not getting a fair deal — las mujeres que trabajan no están recibiendo un trato justo
raw 1., 7), square 2., 6)
4) (=bargain) ganga f

they are offering good deals on flights to Australia — tienen viajes a Australia a muy buen precio

5) (=amount)

he had a deal of work to do — † tenía mucho trabajo que hacer

• a good deal, a great deal — mucho

a good or great deal of money — una gran cantidad de dinero, mucho dinero

it can save you a good deal of time — te puede ahorrar mucho tiempo

there's a good deal of truth in what you say — hay mucho de verdad en lo que dices

she's a good deal cleverer than her brother — es mucho or bastante más inteligente que su hermano

she knew a great deal about him — sabía muchas cosas sobre él

"does he get out much?" - "not a great deal" — -¿sale mucho? -no mucho or demasiado

it means a great deal to me — significa mucho para mí

he thinks a great deal of his father — admira mucho a su padre

the new law will not make a great deal of difference to the homeless — la nueva ley apenas va a afectar a la gente sin hogar

6) (Cards) (=distribution) reparto m

whose deal is it? — ¿a quién le toca dar or repartir?

2. VT

1) [+ blow] asestar, dar

to deal a blow to sth/sb — (fig) ser un golpe para algo/algn

the news dealt a severe blow to their hopes/the economy — la noticia fue un duro golpe para sus esperanzas/la economía

2) (Cards) dar, repartir

I was dealt a very bad hand — (at cards) me dieron una mano malísima; (fig) (=had bad luck) tuve muy mala suerte

3.

VI (Cards) dar, repartir

- deal in

- deal out

- deal with

II [diːl]
1. N

1) (=wood) (pine) madera f de pino; (fir) madera f de abeto

2) (=plank) tablón m ; (=beam) viga f

2.

ADJ

a deal table — una mesa de pino

* * *
[diːl]
I

noun

1)

a) ( indicating amount)

it makes a great/good o fair deal of difference — cambia mucho/bastante las cosas

I've given it a great deal of thought — he reflexionado mucho sobre el asunto

a great deal of money — mucho dinero

b)

a great/good deal — (as adv)

we've seen a great deal of her lately — la hemos visto mucho or muy a menudo últimamente

2) c

a) ( agreement) trato m, acuerdo m

it's a deal! — trato hecho!

to do o make a deal with somebody — llegar* a un acuerdo con alguien, hacer* un trato or un pacto con alguien

what's the deal? — (AmE colloq) ¿qué pasa?

to make a big deal out of something: she made such a big deal out of choosing a hat hizo tantos aspavientos para elegir un sombrero; it's no big deal — no es nada del otro mundo

b) ( financial arrangement) acuerdo m

she got a very good deal when she left the company — llegó a un buen arreglo económico al dejar la compañía

c) ( bargain)

you'll get a better deal if you shop around — lo conseguirás más barato si vas a otras tiendas

3) ( treatment) trato m

she's had a raw deal in life — la vida la ha tratado muy mal

4) ( Games) (no pl) reparto m ( de las cartas)

it's my deal — me toca a mí dar or repartir, doy or reparto yo

II
1.

(past & past p dealt) transitive verb

1) \<\<cards\>\> dar*, repartir

2)

to deal somebody/something a blow — asestarle un golpe a alguien/algo

2.

vi ( Games) dar*, repartir

Phrasal Verbs:

- deal in

- deal out

- deal with

English-spanish dictionary > deal
16 exterior

ik'stiəriə
1. adjective
(on or from the outside; outer: an exterior wall of a house.) exterior

2. noun
(the outside (of something or someone): On the exterior she was charming, but she was known to have a violent temper.) exterior

exterior¹ adj exterior

exterior walls paredes exteriores

exterior² n exterior

the exterior of the church el exterior de la iglesia

exterior adjetivo 1
a) ‹ aspecto› external ( before n), outward ( before n);
‹bolsillo/temperatura/mundo› outside ( before n); ‹revestimiento/capa› outer ( before n)
b) ‹habitación/apartamento› outward-facing
2 ‹comercio/política› foreign ( before n) ■ sustantivo masculino 1 ( fachada) outside, exterior; ( espacio circundante) outside;
◊ desde el exterior de la iglesia from outside the church
2
◊ el exterior ( países extranjeros): la influencia del exterior foreign influence;
las relaciones con el exterior relations with other countries 3
◊ exteriores sustantivo masculino plural (Cin) location shots (pl);
rodar en exteriores to film on location
exterior
I adjetivo
1 (en la parte externa) outer: la capa exterior de la cebolla, the outer layer of the onion (que está afuera) outside: el verano pasado usamos la cocina exterior, last summer we cooked on the outside stove o cooker
2 Pol Econ foreign
política exterior, foreign policy
II sustantivo masculino
1 (parte de fuera) exterior, outside
2 (extranjero) abroad ➣ Ver nota en abroad 3 Cine exteriores, location sing ' exterior' also found in these entries: Spanish: baldosa - camiseta - chimenea - comercio - fachada - forrar - forro - fuera - iluminación - presencia - presentación - revocar - ver - externo - galería - política - raso - salida - salir - vientre English: exterior - external - foreign - foreign aid - foreign policy - offshore - outer - outer space - outside - outward - overseas - passage - passageway - policy - trade - trading nation - wall - abroad - ledge - out

exterior

tr[ɪk'stɪərɪə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective

1 exterior, externo,-a

■ exterior walls paredes exteriores

noun

1 exterior nombre masculino

2 (of person) aspecto externo, apariencia

exterior [ɛk'stɪriər] adj

: exterior

exterior n

: exterior m

exterior

adj.

• exterior adj.

• externo, -a adj.

n.

• exterior s.m.

• superficie s.f.

I ek'stɪriər, ɪk'stɪəriə(r)
adjective

a) ( external) <wall/surface> exterior

b) ( Cin) <shot/scene> de exteriores

c) ( for use outside) <paint/plaster> para exteriores

II

noun exterior m

[eks'tɪǝrɪǝ(r)]
1.

ADJ [wall, door, surface] exterior

2.

N exterior m ; (=outward appearance) apariencia f, aspecto m exterior

on the exterior — (lit, fig) por fuera

* * *

I [ek'stɪriər, ɪk'stɪəriə(r)]
adjective

a) ( external) <wall/surface> exterior

b) ( Cin) <shot/scene> de exteriores

c) ( for use outside) <paint/plaster> para exteriores

II

noun exterior m

English-spanish dictionary > exterior
17 GENERAL REFERENCES

   ■ Guides to Archives and Libraries

   ■ Amaral, A. Ferreira do. "Archives da la ville de Lisbonne." Archivum 13 (1963): 98-101.

   ■ Andrade e Sousa, Teresa. "Guia das Colecções de Manuscritos da Divisao dos Reservados" [in Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Lisbon/. Revista da Biblioteca Nacional, 2nd series, 3, 1 (Jan.-April 1988): 95-129.

   ■ Axelson, Eric. "Report on the Archives and Libraries of Portugal." In Eric Axelson, ed., Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1600, 247-63. Johannesburg, South Africa: C. Struik, 1973.

   ■ Boschi, Caio C. Roteiro-sumário de arquivos portugueses de interesse para o pesquisador da História do Brasil. Lisbon: Ed. Universitarias Lusôfonos, 1995.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. "A Glimpse of the Goa Archives." Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. (June 1952): 299-324.

   ■ -. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969: 392-413.

   ■ Brooks, George E. "Notes on Research Facilities in Lisbon and the Cape Verde Islands." International Journal of African Historical Studies 6 (1973): 304-14.

   ■ Cardozo, Manoel. "Portugal [Archives and Libraries]." In Daniel H. Thomas and Lynn M. Case, eds., New Guide to the Diplomatic Archives of Western Europe, 256-74. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.

   ■ Castro e Almeida, E. de. Inventário dos documentos relativos ao Brasil existentes no Arquivo da Marinha e Ultramar de Lisboa, 6 vols. Rio de Janeiro: 1913-36.

   ■ Centro de Estudos Hist0ricos Ultramarinos. Manuscritos da Ajuda ( guia), 2 vols. Lisbon: CEHU, 1966-73.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. "Documenting Portuguese Africa." Africana Newsletter (Stanford, Calif.) I (Autumn 1963): 16-36.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W. "Bibliography of the Principal Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries." Actas do Colóquio Internacional de Estudos Luso-Brasileiras de 1950 (Washington). Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1953: 181-88.

   ■ Farinha, Maria do Carmo Jasmins Dias. Os Arquivos da Inquisição. Lisbon: Arquivo Nacional de Torre do Tombo, 1990.

   ■ Ferreira, Fernando Bandeira. "Chronique des archives du Portugal." Archivum 11 (1963): 207-14.

   ■ Fonseca, F. Bellard da. "Arquivo Geral da Alfãndega de Lisboa." Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos 2nd series, 75-76 (1948): 75-76.

   ■ Garcia, Maria Madalena. Arquivo Salazar: Inventário e Indices. Lisbon: Edit. Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Grover, Mark L. "Research in Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 435-75. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.

   ■ Instituto Portugües de Arquivos. Guia de Fontes Portuguesas para História de Africa. Vol. I. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1991.

   ■ -. Guia de Fontes Portuguesas para a História da América. Volume II. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1992. Instituto Portugües do Patrimônio Cultural. Roteiro das bibliotecas e arquivos dependentes administrativamente do Instituto Português do Património. Lisbon: IPPC, 1984. Iria, Alberto. Inventário geral dos códices do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Nascimento, Aires do. Bibliografia de arquivos portugueses. Lisbon: Instituto Portugües de Arquivos, 1991.

   ■ Pereira, Arnaldo Antônio. "Arquivos históricos de Lisboa: contribuição para um roteiro." Clio 4 (1982): 95-120; 5 (1984-85): 115-48.

   ■ Pereira, Gabriel. Bibliotecas e arquivos nacionais. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1903.

   ■ -. Arquivos nacionais. Coimbra: Univ. da Coimbra, 1910.

   ■ Pescatello, Ann. "Relatôrio [Report] from Portugal: The Archives and Libraries of Portugal and Their Significance for the Study of Brazilian History." Latin American Research Review 5, 2 (1970): 17-52. Rau, Virginia. Arquivos de Portugal: Lisboa. In The International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies, 189-231. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1953.

   ■ Ribeiro, José Silvestre. Apontamentos históricos sobre bibliotecas portuguesas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1914.

   ■ Ryder, A. F. C. Materials for West African History in Portuguese Archives. London: Athlone Press, University of London, 1965.

   ■ Serrão, Joel, Maria da Silva Leal, and Miriam Halpern Pereira, eds. Roteiro de fontes da História Portuguesa Contemporânea: Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. Vols. I and II. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Silva Leal, Maria da, and Miriam Halpern Pereira, eds. Arquivo e Historiografia: Colóquio sobre as Fontes de História Contemporânea Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■ Silveira, Luís. Portugal nos arquivos do estrangeiro, 2 vols. Lisbon: Instituto para a Alta Cultura, 1946-48.

   ■ Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Bibliografia do Ultramar Portugües existente na Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Tovar, Conde de. Catálogo dos Manuscritos Portugueses ou Relativos a Portugal Existentes no Museu Britânico. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1932. Vieira, Alberto. Guia Para A História E Investigação Das Ilhas Atlânticas. Funchal, 1995.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Ajuda Library/Biblioteca Da Ajuda [Lisbon, Portugal)." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 7 (Winter/Spring 1980-81): 1-2.

   ■ -. "Archival Materials and Manuscripts on United States History in Portugal and the Azores Islands." In Lewis Hanke, ed., Guide to the Study of United States History Outside the U.S. 1945-1980, 346-56. White Plains, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications; American Historical Association University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1985.

   ■ -. "The Archives of Portugal: A Guide to an Intelligence Treasure Trove." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4, 4 (Winter 1990): 539-50.

   ■ Statistical

   ■ Agência Geral do Ultramar. Províncias ultramarinas portuguesas: Dados informativos. Lisbon, 1962-66.

   ■. Portugal: Overseas Provinces: Facts and Figures. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Anuário Estatístico de Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1875-present.

   ■ Anuário Estatístico. II. Províncias Ultramarinas, 1969. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1971.

   ■ Ayala, José Aldana. Compêndio Geographico-Estadistico de Portugal y sus Posesiones Ultramarinas. Madrid, 1855.

   ■ Balbi, Adriano. Essai Statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal et d'Algarve. Paris, 1822.

   ■ Estatísticas Agrícolas. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1965-pre-sent.

   ■ Estatísticas Industriais. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1967-pre-sent.

   ■ Estatísticas de Saúde. Lisbon, 1970-present.

   ■ Gaspar, Jorge, ed. Portugal Em Mapas E Em Números. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1990 ed.

   ■ McNitt, Harold A., comp. Selected Agricultural and Trade Statistics for the European Community: Greece, Spain and Portugal. 1967-79. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture; Statistical Bulletin no. 692, 1982.

   ■ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Portugal: OECD Economic Surveys. Paris: OECD, 1979-present.

   ■ Pery, Geraldo. Geographia e Estatistica de Portugal e Colonias. Lisbon, 1875.

   ■ Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, 1969; annual volumes. Vicente, Ana. "A Statistical Portrait of Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 477-511. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.

    Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

   ■ Andrade, John. Dicionário Do 25 De Abril. Verde Fauna, Rubra Flora. Lisbon: Nova Arrancada, 2002.

   ■ Azevedo, Candido De, ed. Classe Politica Portuguesa: Estes Politicos Que Nos Governam. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Barreto, Antônio, and Maria Filomena Mônica, eds. Dicionário De História De Portugal. Vols. VII, VIII and IX. Suplemento (to 6 vols. of Joel Serrão, DHP), 3 vols. Oporto: Figueirinhas, 1999-2000.

   ■ Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura, 30 vols., to date. Lisbon: Verbo: 1963-90.

   ■ Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira, 40 vols. Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1924-60.

   ■ Guía das Fundações Portuguesas/ Portuguese Foundations Guide, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Centro Portugües de Fundações, 1996.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando, and J. M. Brandão de Brito, eds. Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1996.

   ■ Secretaria de Estado da Informação e Turismo. Orgânica Governamental, Sua Evolução: E Elencos Ministeriais Constituidos Desde 5 De Outubro De 1910 à 31 De Março De 1972. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Selecções do Reader's Digest, ed. Dicionário Enciclopédico Da História De Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 1993.

   ■ Serrão, Joel, ed. Dicionário De História De Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 196371.

   ■ -. Pequeno Dicionário De História De Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

    Historical references

   ■ General Histories, Legal, Political Studies, Area and Country Studies

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Coimbra, 1922-29. Ameal, João. História de Portugal: Das Orígens Até 1940, 4th ed. Oporto, 1958.

   ■ Anderson, James Maxwell. The History of Portugal. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000.

   ■ Birmingham, David. A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993. Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal. Paris, 1949.

   ■ Bourdon, Albert-Alain. Histoire du Portugal. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970.

   ■ Bradford, Sarah. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, José Adelino Maltez, and Mendo Castro Henriques. Bem Comum Dos Portugueses. Lisbon: Vega, 1999.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962.

   ■ -. História Breve das Constituiçoes Portuguesas, 4th ed. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ -. Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

   ■ Eppstein, John. Portugal: The Country and Its People. London: Queen Anne Press, 1967.

   ■ Ferreira, Eduardo de Sousa, and Helena Rato, eds. Portugal Hoje. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administraçao, 1995. Garcia, José Manuel. História de Portugal: Uma Visão Global, 4th ed. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Kaplan, Marion. The Portuguese: The Land and Its People, 2nd ed. New York: Viking, 1998.

   ■ Koebel, William. Portugal: Its Land and People. London: Constable, 1909. Livermore, Harold V. A History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947.

   ■ -. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976 ed.

   ■ -. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ -. A Short History of Portugal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986. Mattoso, José, ed. História De Portugal, 8 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1993-94. Nowell, Charles E. A History of Portugal. New York: Van Nostrand, 1953.

   ■ -. Portugal. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. História de Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1972-90, various eds.

   ■ -. History of Portugal, 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; 1976 ed. in one volume.

   ■ -. Historia De Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1991.

   ■ -. Breve Historia De Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1995.

   ■ Oliveira Martins, J. História de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1880 and later editions.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991. Pajot, Lalé. Le Portugal. Paris: Pichon and Durand, 1971. Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.

   ■ Peres, Damião, ed. História de Portugal, 9 vols. Barcelos and Coimbra, Monumental Edition, 1928-35.

   ■ Raibaud, A. Petite Histoire du Portugal: Des Origines à 1910. Nice, 1964.

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   ■ Saraiva, José Hermano. História Concisa de Portugal. Lisbon, 1978 and later eds.

   ■ -. História De Portugal, 4th ed. Mem Martins: Pub. Europa-América, 1993.

   ■ -. Portugal: A Companion History. Ed. and expanded by Ian Robertson and

   ■ L. C. Taylor. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Sayers, Raymond S., ed. Portugal and Brazil in Transition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Lisbon, 1931.

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   ■ Serrão, Joel, and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História De Portugal, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1987-.

   ■ Silva, Manuela, coord. Portugal Contemporâneo: Problemas e perspectivas. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administração, 1986.

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   ■ Veríssimo Serrão, José. História De Portugal, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1980-97.

   ■ Vieira, Nelson H., ed. Roads to Today's Portugal: Essays on Contemporary Portuguese Literature, Art and Culture. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1983.

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   ■ Historical Document Collections: Portugal Almeida, Manuel Lopes de, ed. Obras dos Príncipes de Avis. Oporto: Lello, 1981.

   ■ Andrade e Silva, José Justino da, ed. Collecção Chronologica da Legislação Portugueza ( 1603-1702), 10 vols. Lisbon De Souza, 1854-59.

   ■ Azevedo, Ruy Pinto de. Documentos Medievais Portugueses, 3 vols. Lisbon:

   ■ Academia Portuguesa de Histôria, 1940-62. Borges de Castro, José Ferreira, ed. Collecção dos Tratados, Convenções, Contratos e Actos Publicos Celebrados entre a Coroa de Portugal... desde 1640 até ao Presente, 30 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1856-80. Boxer, C. R., ed. The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589-1622. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vol. 112. Cambridge University Press, 1959.

   ■. Further Selections from the Tragic History of the Sea. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vol. 132. Cambridge University Press, 1968. Coelho, Antônio Borges, ed. Portugal na Espanha Arabe, 4 vols. Lisbon, Seara Nova, 1972-75.

   ■ Cruz, Alfeu, ed. Colecção Anotada de Legislação da República Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ David, Charles Wendell, ed. The Conquest of Lisbon. New York, 1936.

   ■ Dinis, Joaquim Dias, ed. Monumenta Henricina, 15 vols. Coimbra: Comissao Executiva das Comemorações do V Centenário da Morte do Infante D. Henrique, 1960-74.

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   ■ Neves, Orlando, ed. Textos Históricos Da Revolução, 3 vols. Lisbon: Diabril, 1975-76.

   ■ Oliveira, Eduardo Freire de, ed. Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, 17 vols. Lisbon: Typ. Universal, 1882-1911.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A.H. de, ed. Antologia da Historiografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Mem Martins: Europa-América, 1975. Pereira, Miriam Halpern, ed. Revolução, Finanças, Dependência Externa. Vol. I (de 1820 a convenção de Gramido). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■ Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira. Discursos e Notas Políticas, 6 vols. Coimbra: Coimbra Edit., 1932-67.

   ■ -. Entrevistas: 1960-1966. Coimbra: Coimbra Edit., 1967.

   ■ -. Salazar. Pensamento e doutrina política: Textos antológicos. Lisbon: Verbo, 1989.

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   ■ Santarém, Visconde do e L.A. Rebelo da Silva, eds. Quadro elementar das relações politicas e diplomáticas de Portugal com as diversas potências do mundo, 19 vols. Paris and Lisbon, 1842-76.

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   ■. Crónica da tomada de Ceuta. Lisbon, 1915.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > GENERAL REFERENCES
18 open

'əupən
1. adjective
1) (not shut, allowing entry or exit: an open box; The gate is wide open.) abierto

2) (allowing the inside to be seen: an open book.) abierto

3) (ready for business etc: The shop is open on Sunday afternoons; After the fog had cleared, the airport was soon open again; The gardens are open to the public.) abierto

4) (not kept secret: an open show of affection.) abierto

5) (frank: He was very open with me about his work.) abierto, franco

6) (still being considered etc: Leave the matter open.) abierto

7) (empty, with no trees, buildings etc: I like to be out in the open country; an open space.) abierto

2. verb
1) (to make or become open: He opened the door; The door opened; The new shop opened last week.) abrir(se)

2) (to begin: He opened the meeting with a speech of welcome.) abrir

•

- opener
- opening
- openly
- open-air
- open-minded
- open-plan
- be an open secret
- bring something out into the open
- bring out into the open
- in the open
- in the open air
- keep/have an open mind
- open on to
- the open sea
- open to
- open up
- with open arms

open¹ adj abierto

the door is open la puerta está abierta

is the supermarket open on Sundays? ¿está abierto el supermercado los domingos?

in the open air al aire libre

open² vb abrir

open the window abre la ventana

we don't open on Sundays no abrimos los domingos

open sustantivo masculino open championship o tournament
open m Dep (Golf, tenis, etc.) open ' open' also found in these entries: Spanish: abierta - abierto - abrir - abrefácil - abrirse - aire - boca - boquiabierta - boquiabierto - brazo - caja - campiña - canal - carta - corral - crisma - dar - descosido - descubierta - descubierto - desengañar - desengañarse - despanzurrar - desplegar - desplegarse - desprendida - desprendido - desprendimiento - destapar - diáfana - diáfano - empezar - escalabrarse - extender - extendida - extendido - forzar - fuego - golpetazo - importar - inaugurar - instancia - intemperie - liberal - loro - par - prestarse - rasa - raso - relucir English: blast - burst open - certain - daily - debate - door - fire - get - half-open - hurtle - instruct - lay - lest - lever - manage - mouth - nowhere - open - open out - open up - open-air - open-and-shut - open-minded - option - prise - question - receive - secret - shall - snap - some - spring - swing - tin - wedge - wide open - window - wrench - above - as - blow - boat - burst - car - crack - downstairs - draw - forthcoming - gape - generous

open

tr['əʊpən]

adjective

1 (not closed - gen) abierto,-a; (- wound) abierto,-a, sin cicatrizar

■ the road is now open to traffic la carretera ya está abierta al tráfico

■ I can't keep my eyes open no puedo mantener los ojos abiertos

2 (not enclosed) abierto,-a

■ the open sea el mar abierto

3 (not covered - gen) descubierto,-a

■ an open sewer una alcantarilla al descubierto

■ an open car un coche descapotable

4 (not fastened, not folded) abierto,-a; (not buttoned) desabrochado,-a, abierto,-a

■ the book lay open el libro estaba abierto

■ a blouse open at the neck una blusa con el cuello desabrochado

5 (ready for customers) abierto,-a; (ready to start being used) inaugurado,-a

■ many shops are now open on Sundays muchas tiendas están abiertas los domingos

■ the new school was declared open la nueva escuela fue inaugurada oficialmente

6 (not settled) sin resolver; (not decided) sin decidir, sin concretar

■ an open question una cuestión sin resolver

■ keep your options open deja todas las puertas abiertas

■ let's leave the matter open dejemos el asunto sin concretar

7 (available) vacante

8 (not hidden, not limited) abierto,-a, franco,-a, manifiesto,-a

■ a state of open war un estado de guerra abierta

9 (frank, honest) abierto,-a, sincero,-a, franco,-a

■ I'll be open with you te seré sincero

10 (that anyone can enter) abierto,-a, libre

■ an open championship un campeonato abierto

■ this meeting is open to the public esta reunión está abierta al público

11 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (cheque) abierto,-a

12 (cloth, texture, weave) abierto,-a

13 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL (vowel) abierto,-a

noun

1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (competition) open nombre masculino

transitive verb

1 (gen) abrir

■ open your mouth abre la boca

■ have you opened your present? ¿has abierto tu regalo?

2 (book, newspaper) abrir; (map) abrir, desplegar

■ she opened the book abrió el libro

■ open your hands abre las manos

3 (start - gen) abrir; (meeting) abrir, dar comienzo a; (debate) abrir, iniciar; (bidding, negotiations) iniciar; (talks, conversation) entablar

■ I'd like to open a bank account quisiera abrir una cuenta bancaria

■ she opened the congress with a speech abrió el congreso con un discurso

4 (begin, set up) abrir, montar, poner; (inaugurate, declare open) abrir, inaugurar

■ Princess Diana opened a new hospital la Princesa Diana inauguró un nuevo hospital

■ we're going to open a business vamos a montar un negocio

5 (tunnel, road, mine, etc) abrir

intransitive verb

1 (gen) abrir, abrirse

■ the door opened la puerta se abrió

■ the cut's opened up again la herida se ha vuelto a abrir

2 (spread out, unfold) abrirse

■ the roses are opening las rosas se están abriendo

■ his parachute failed to open su paracaídas no se abrió

3 (start - conference, play, book) comenzar, empezar; (film) estrenarse

■ the film opens on Friday la película se estrena el viernes

■ the book opens with a robbery el libro comienza con un atraco

4 (begin business) abrir

■ what time do the banks open? ¿a qué hora abren los bancos?

adjective open to

1 (susceptible) susceptible a, expuesto,-a a; (receptive) abierto,-a a; (available) posible

■ we're open to suggestions estamos abiertos a todo tipo de sugerencias

■ that statement is open to misunderstanding esa afirmación puede malinterpretarse

■ I'm open to offers estoy dispuesto a recibir ofertas

■ there are two options open to you tienes dos opciones

noun the open

1 (the outdoors, open air) campo, aire nombre masculino libre

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be an open book figurative use ser como un libro abierto

in the open air al aire libre

open sesame! ¡ábrete sésamo!

to lay oneself (wide) open to something exponerse a algo

to be out in the open (person) estar al aire libre 2 (facts, secret) saberse, estar a la luz

to bring something (out) into the open hacer público algo, sacar algo a la luz

to keep an open mind tener una actitud abierta

to keep one's eyes open estar ojo avizor

to keep open house tener las puertas abiertas a todo el mundo

to open fire abrir fuego (on/at, contra)

to open somebody's eyes to something abrirle los ojos a alguien, hacerle ver algo a alguien

open day jornada de puertas abiertas

open letter carta abierta

open market mercado libre, mercado abierto

open prison prisión nombre femenino de régimen abierto

open season temporada de caza

open secret secreto a voces

the Open University ≈ Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

open ['o:pən] vt

1) : abrir

open the door: abre la puerta

2) uncover: destapar

3) unfold: desplegar, abrir

4) clear: abrir (un camino, etc.)

5) inaugurate: abrir (una tienda), inaugurar (una exposición, etc.)

6) initiate: initiar, entablar, abrir

to open the meeting: abrir la sesión

to open a discussion: entablar un debate

open vi

1) : abrirse

2) begin: empezar, comenzar

open adj

1) : abierto

an open window: una ventana abierta

2) frank: abierto, franco, directo

3) uncovered: descubierto, abierto

4) extended: extendido, abierto

with open arms: con los brazos abiertos

5) unrestricted: libre, abierto

6) undecided: pendiente, por decidir, sin resolver

an open question: una cuestión pendiente

7) available: vacante, libre

the job is open: el puesto está vacante

open n

in the open

1) outdoors: al aire libre

2) known: conocido, sacado a la luz

open

adj.

• abierto, -a adj.

• descampado, -a adj.

• descercado, -a adj.

• desembarazado, -a adj.

• desparramado, -a adj.

• despejado, -a adj.

• destapado, -a adj.

• directo, -a adj.

• extendido, -a adj.

• franco, -a adj.

• liberal adj.

• libre adj.

• llano, -a adj.

• paladino, -a adj.

v.

• abrir v.

• aportillar v.

• desabrochar v.

• desbocar v.

• desplegar v.

• destapar v.

• entreabrir v.

• inaugurar v.

I 'əʊpən
adjective

1)

a) ( not shut or sealed) abierto

with open arms — con los brazos abiertos

to cut something open — abrir* algo cortándolo

he pushed the door open — abrió la puerta de un empujón

b) ( not fastened) <shirt/jacket> abierto, desabrochado

c) ( not folded) <flower/newspaper/book> abierto

2)

a) ( not enclosed) abierto

it's open country all around here — aquí estamos en campo abierto

open prison — cárcel f en régimen abierto

on the open seas — en alta mar, en mar abierto

b) ( not blocked) abierto

the road is now open to traffic once more — la carretera vuelve a estar abierta al tráfico

c) < cheque> ( in UK) no cruzado, al portador, a la orden

3)

a) ( not covered) < carriage> abierto, descubierto; < sewer> a cielo abierto, descubierto

an open fire — una chimenea, un hogar

b) (exposed, vulnerable)

open TO something — \<\<to elements/enemy attack\>\> expuesto a algo

to lay o leave oneself open to something — exponerse* a algo

this is open to misunderstanding/abuse — esto se presta a malentendidos/a que se cometan abusos

4) (pred) ( ready for business)

to be open — \<\<shop/museum\>\> estar* abierto

the new section is open for traffic — el nuevo tramo está abierto al tráfico

5) ( unrestricted) < membership> abierto al público en general; < meeting> a puertas abiertas, abierto al público; <ticket/reservation> abierto; < government> abierto

open letter — carta f abierta

in the open market — en el mercado libre or abierto

to sell something open stock — (AmE) vender algo por piezas or por unidad

let's throw the topic open for debate — abramos el debate sobre el tema

to be open TO somebody/something: the competition is open to everybody cualquiera puede presentarse al certamen; the palace gardens are open to the public — los jardines del palacio están abiertos al público

6)

a) ( available) (pred)

several options are open to us — tenemos or se nos presentan varias opciones or alternativas

b) ( not decided)

that's still an open question — eso aún está por decidirse

let's leave things open for the time being — no descartemos ninguna posibilidad de momento

let's leave the date open — no concretemos la fecha todavía

open verdict — veredicto que se emite cuando no se puede establecer la causa de la muerte de una persona

7)

a) ( receptive) abierto

I'm always open to suggestions — siempre estoy abierto a todo tipo de sugerencias, siempre estoy dispuesto a recibir sugerencias

to have an open mind — tener* una actitud abierta

b) (frank, candid)

to be open WITH somebody — ser* sincero or franco con alguien

8) ( not concealed) <resentment/hostility> abierto, manifiesto

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) \<\<door/box/parcel\>\> abrir*; \<\<bottle\>\> abrir*, destapar

to open one's mouth/eyes — abrir* la boca/los ojos

b) ( unfold) \<\<newspaper/book\>\> abrir*

2)

a) (clear, remove obstructions from) \<\<road/channel\>\> abrir*

b) (make accessible, available) abrir*

they have opened the house to the public — han abierto la casa al público

3)

a) (set up, start) \<\<branch/department\>\> abrir*; \<\<shop/business\>\> abrir*, poner*

b) ( declare open) abrir*, inaugurar

4) ( begin) \<\<debate\>\> abrir*, iniciar; \<\<meeting\>\> abrir*, dar* comienzo a; \<\<bidding\>\> iniciar; \<\<talks\>\> entablar

to open fire on somebody/something — abrir* fuego contra alguien/algo

5) ( make receptive)

to open something TO something — abrir* algo a algo

you must open your mind to new ideas — debes abrirte a nuevas ideas

2.

vi

1)

a) \<\<door/window/wound\>\> abrirse*

open wide! — abra bien la boca, abra bien grande

the heavens o skies opened — empezó a diluviar

b) ( unfold) abrirse*

2) ( give access)

to open ONTO/INTO something — dar* a algo

3) ( for business) \<\<shop/museum\>\> abrir*

4) ( begin) \<\<play/book\>\> comenzar*, empezar*; ( in card games) abrir* (el juego)

her new movie opens next week — su nueva película se estrena la semana próxima

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- open out

- open up

III

noun

1)

in the open — ( in open space or country) al aire libre; ( Mil) al descubierto

I feel better now it's all out in the open — me siento mejor ahora que todo el mundo lo sabe

to bring something (out) into the open — hacer* público algo, sacar* algo a la luz

2) Open ( Sport) (campeonato m) abierto m, Open m

['ǝʊpǝn]
1. ADJ

1) (gen) [book, grave, pores, wound etc] abierto; [bottle, tin etc] destapado

the book was open at page seven — el libro estaba abierto por la página siete

the door is open — la puerta está abierta

to break a safe open — forzar una caja fuerte

to cut a bag open — abrir una bolsa rajándola

to fling or throw a door open — abrir una puerta de golpe or de par en par

wide open — (door etc) abierto de par en par

- welcome sb with open arms
book 1., 1), arm
2) [shop, bank etc] abierto (al público)

the shop is still not open — la tienda sigue cerrada

3) (=unfolded) desplegado; (=unfastened) desabrochado

the map was open on the table — el mapa estaba desplegado sobre la mesa

with his shirt open — (=unbuttoned) con la camisa desabotonada

a shirt open at the neck — una camisa con el cuello desabrochado

4) (=not enclosed) descubierto, abierto; [car] descapotable

• in the open air — al aire libre

• open country — campo m raso

• on open ground — en un claro; (=waste ground) en un descampado

• open sea — mar m abierto

• with open views — con amplias or extensas vistas

5) (=not blocked) abierto, sin obstáculos

the way to Paris lay open — el camino de París quedaba abierto

the speed permitted on the open road — la velocidad permitida circulando en carretera

road open to traffic — carretera abierta al tráfico, vía libre

6) (=public, unrestricted) [championship, race, scholarship, ticket] abierto; [trial] público

• books on open access — libros mpl en libre acceso

• in open court — en juicio público

• to keep open house — tener mesa franca or casa abierta

• we had an open invitation to visit them — nos habían invitado a visitarles cuando quisiéramos

• open to the public on Mondays — abierto al público los lunes

the competition is open to all — todos pueden participar en el certamen, el certamen se abre a todos

membership is not open to women — la sociedad no admite a las mujeres

7) (=available, permissible)

what choices are open to me? — ¿qué posibilidades or opciones me quedan?

it is open to you to — + infin puedes perfectamente + infin, tienes derecho a + infin

8) (=not biased or prejudiced) abierto

• to be open to sth: I am open to advice — escucho de buena gana los consejos

• I am open to offers — estoy dispuesto a recibir ofertas

• I am open to persuasion — se me puede convencer

9) (=declared, frank) abierto; [person, admiration] franco; [hatred] declarado

• an open enemy of the Church — un enemigo declarado de la Iglesia

• to be in open revolt — estar en abierta rebeldía

• it's an open secret that... — es un secreto a voces que...

• to be open with sb — ser franco con algn

10) (=undecided) por resolver, por decidir; [race, contest] muy abierto, muy igualado

• to leave the matter open — dejar el asunto pendiente

• open question — cuestión f pendiente or sin resolver

it's an open question whether... — está por ver si...
mind
11) (=exposed, not protected) abierto, descubierto; [town] abierto; (Mil) expuesto, vulnerable

• to be open to sth: it is open to criticism on several counts — se le puede criticar por diversas razones, es criticable desde diversos puntos de vista

to lay o.s. open to criticism/attack — exponerse a ser criticado/atacado

• it is open to doubt whether... — queda la duda sobre si...

• open to the elements — desprotegido, desabrigado

• open to influence from advertisers — accesible a la influencia de los anunciantes

• it is open to question whether... — es cuestionable que...

• open to every wind — expuesto a todos los vientos

2. N

1)

• (out) in the open — (=out of doors) al aire libre; (=in the country) en campo m raso or abierto

to sleep (out) in the open — dormir al raso, dormir a cielo abierto

• to bring a dispute (out) into the open — hacer que una disputa llegue a ser del dominio público

their true feelings came (out) into the open — sus verdaderos sentimientos se dejaron adivinar

why don't you come (out) into the open about it? — ¿por qué no lo declara abiertamente?

2) (Golf, Tennis)

the Open — el (Torneo) Abierto, el Open

3. VT

1) (gen) [+ eyes, case, letter etc] abrir; [+ parcel] abrir, desenvolver; [+ bottle etc] destapar; [+ legs] abrir, separar; [+ abscess] cortar; [+ pores] dilatar

I didn't open my mouth — ni abrí la boca, no dije ni pío

2) [+ shop] (for daily business) abrir; (=set up) abrir, poner

3) (=unfold) [+ map] desplegar, extender; [+ newspaper] desplegar

4) (=unblock)

to open a road to traffic — abrir una carretera al público

5) (=begin) [+ conversation, debate, negotiations] entablar, iniciar

to open three hearts — (Bridge) abrir de tres corazones

• to open a bank account — abrir una cuenta en el banco

• to open the case — (Jur) exponer los detalles de la acusación

• to open fire — (Mil) romper or abrir el fuego

6) (=declare open, inaugurate) inaugurar

the exhibition was opened by the Queen — la exposición fue inaugurada por la Reina

to open Parliament — abrir la sesión parlamentaria

7) (=reveal, disclose) [+ mind, heart] abrir; [+ feelings, intentions] revelar; mind 1., 4)

8) (=make)

to open a road through a forest — abrir una carretera a través de un bosque

to open a hole in a wall — hacer un agujero en una pared

4. VI

1) [door, flower] abrirse; [pores] dilatarse

the door opened — se abrió la puerta

• this room opens into a larger one — este cuarto se comunica con or se junta con otro más grande

• a door that opens onto the garden — una puerta que da al jardín

- the heavens opened

2) (for business) [shop, bank] abrir

the shops open at nine — las tiendas abren a las nueve

3) (=begin) dar comienzo, iniciarse; [speaker] comenzar; (Theat) [play] estrenarse; (Cards, Chess) abrir

the season opens in June — la temporada comienza en junio

when we opened in Bradford — (Theat) cuando dimos la primera representación en Bradford

• to open for the Crown — (Jur) exponer los detalles de la acusación, presentar los hechos en que se basa la acusación

• the play opened to great applause — el estreno de la obra fue muy aplaudido

• the book opens with a long description — el libro empieza con una larga descripción

to open with two hearts — (Bridge) abrir de dos corazones

5.

CPD

open cheque N — (Brit) cheque m sin cruzar

open day N — día m abierto a todos

open fire N — chimenea f, hogar m

open government N — política f de transparencia gubernamental

open learning N — aprendizaje m abierto

open learning centre N — centro m de aprendizaje abierto

open letter N — carta f abierta

open market N — (in town) mercado m al aire libre; (Econ) mercado m libre, mercado m abierto

he bought it on the open market — lo compró en el mercado público

open pit N — (US) mina f a cielo abierto

open policy N — (Insurance) póliza f abierta

open primary N — (US) elección primaria abierta a aquellos que no son miembros de un partido

open prison N — cárcel f abierta

open sandwich N — sandwich m sin tapa, sandwich m abierto (esp LAm)

open shop N — (Ind) empresa f con personal agremiado y no agremiado

open source N — código m abierto

open source software N — software m de código abierto

Open University N — (Brit) ≈ Universidad f Nacional de Enseñanza a Distancia

open verdict N — (Jur) juicio m en el que se determina el crimen sin designar el culpable

- open out

- open up
OPEN UNIVERSITY La Open University o OU es el nombre que recibe en el Reino Unido la universidad a distancia para adultos, fundada en 1969. No se exigen requisitos formales de acceso para los primeros cursos y los alumnos estudian desde casa, con el apoyo de algunos programas de radio y televisión emitidos por la BBC, cursos por correspondencia y tutores en su localidad. Además, sobre todo en verano, se organizan algunos cursos a los que los alumnos tienen que asistir en persona.
* * *

I ['əʊpən]
adjective

1)

a) ( not shut or sealed) abierto

with open arms — con los brazos abiertos

to cut something open — abrir* algo cortándolo

he pushed the door open — abrió la puerta de un empujón

b) ( not fastened) <shirt/jacket> abierto, desabrochado

c) ( not folded) <flower/newspaper/book> abierto

2)

a) ( not enclosed) abierto

it's open country all around here — aquí estamos en campo abierto

open prison — cárcel f en régimen abierto

on the open seas — en alta mar, en mar abierto

b) ( not blocked) abierto

the road is now open to traffic once more — la carretera vuelve a estar abierta al tráfico

c) < cheque> ( in UK) no cruzado, al portador, a la orden

3)

a) ( not covered) < carriage> abierto, descubierto; < sewer> a cielo abierto, descubierto

an open fire — una chimenea, un hogar

b) (exposed, vulnerable)

open TO something — \<\<to elements/enemy attack\>\> expuesto a algo

to lay o leave oneself open to something — exponerse* a algo

this is open to misunderstanding/abuse — esto se presta a malentendidos/a que se cometan abusos

4) (pred) ( ready for business)

to be open — \<\<shop/museum\>\> estar* abierto

the new section is open for traffic — el nuevo tramo está abierto al tráfico

5) ( unrestricted) < membership> abierto al público en general; < meeting> a puertas abiertas, abierto al público; <ticket/reservation> abierto; < government> abierto

open letter — carta f abierta

in the open market — en el mercado libre or abierto

to sell something open stock — (AmE) vender algo por piezas or por unidad

let's throw the topic open for debate — abramos el debate sobre el tema

to be open TO somebody/something: the competition is open to everybody cualquiera puede presentarse al certamen; the palace gardens are open to the public — los jardines del palacio están abiertos al público

6)

a) ( available) (pred)

several options are open to us — tenemos or se nos presentan varias opciones or alternativas

b) ( not decided)

that's still an open question — eso aún está por decidirse

let's leave things open for the time being — no descartemos ninguna posibilidad de momento

let's leave the date open — no concretemos la fecha todavía

open verdict — veredicto que se emite cuando no se puede establecer la causa de la muerte de una persona

7)

a) ( receptive) abierto

I'm always open to suggestions — siempre estoy abierto a todo tipo de sugerencias, siempre estoy dispuesto a recibir sugerencias

to have an open mind — tener* una actitud abierta

b) (frank, candid)

to be open WITH somebody — ser* sincero or franco con alguien

8) ( not concealed) <resentment/hostility> abierto, manifiesto

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) \<\<door/box/parcel\>\> abrir*; \<\<bottle\>\> abrir*, destapar

to open one's mouth/eyes — abrir* la boca/los ojos

b) ( unfold) \<\<newspaper/book\>\> abrir*

2)

a) (clear, remove obstructions from) \<\<road/channel\>\> abrir*

b) (make accessible, available) abrir*

they have opened the house to the public — han abierto la casa al público

3)

a) (set up, start) \<\<branch/department\>\> abrir*; \<\<shop/business\>\> abrir*, poner*

b) ( declare open) abrir*, inaugurar

4) ( begin) \<\<debate\>\> abrir*, iniciar; \<\<meeting\>\> abrir*, dar* comienzo a; \<\<bidding\>\> iniciar; \<\<talks\>\> entablar

to open fire on somebody/something — abrir* fuego contra alguien/algo

5) ( make receptive)

to open something TO something — abrir* algo a algo

you must open your mind to new ideas — debes abrirte a nuevas ideas

2.

vi

1)

a) \<\<door/window/wound\>\> abrirse*

open wide! — abra bien la boca, abra bien grande

the heavens o skies opened — empezó a diluviar

b) ( unfold) abrirse*

2) ( give access)

to open ONTO/INTO something — dar* a algo

3) ( for business) \<\<shop/museum\>\> abrir*

4) ( begin) \<\<play/book\>\> comenzar*, empezar*; ( in card games) abrir* (el juego)

her new movie opens next week — su nueva película se estrena la semana próxima

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- open out

- open up

III

noun

1)

in the open — ( in open space or country) al aire libre; ( Mil) al descubierto

I feel better now it's all out in the open — me siento mejor ahora que todo el mundo lo sabe

to bring something (out) into the open — hacer* público algo, sacar* algo a la luz

2) Open ( Sport) (campeonato m) abierto m, Open m

English-spanish dictionary > open
19 isolate

verb

(to separate, cut off or keep apart from others: Several houses have been isolated by the flood water; A child with an infectious disease should be isolated.) aislar

- isolated
- isolation

isolate vb aislar

El gerundio de isolate se escribe isolating

isolate

tr['aɪsəleɪt]

transitive verb

1 aislar ( from, de)

■ the boy has been isolated from the others el niño ha sido aislado de los otros

■ scientists have isolated the germ los científicos han aislado el microbio

isolate ['aɪsə.leɪt] vt, - lated ; - lating : aislar

isolate

v.

• aislar v.

• incomunicar v.

'aɪsəleɪt
transitive verb

1) ( keep apart)

to isolate something/somebody (FROM something/somebody) — aislar* algo/a alguien (de algo/alguien)

2) (pick out, separate) \<\<cause/problem\>\> aislar*

to isolate something FROM something — separar or desligar* algo de algo

['aɪsǝʊleɪt]
VT
1) (=cut off) aislar ( from de)

this policy could isolate China from the rest of the world — esta política podría aislar a China del resto del mundo

it is difficult to isolate religion from politics — es difícil separar la religión de la política

to isolate o.s. — aislarse

2) (=pinpoint) [+ cause, source] identificar; [+ problem, virus, gene] aislar

3) (Med) (=quarantine) [+ person, animal] aislar ( from de)

* * *
['aɪsəleɪt]
transitive verb

1) ( keep apart)

to isolate something/somebody (FROM something/somebody) — aislar* algo/a alguien (de algo/alguien)

2) (pick out, separate) \<\<cause/problem\>\> aislar*

to isolate something FROM something — separar or desligar* algo de algo

English-spanish dictionary > isolate
20 politically

adverb políticamente

politically

tr[pə'lɪtɪkəlɪ]

adverb

1 políticamente

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

politically correct políticamente correcto,-a

pə'lɪtɪkli
adverb políticamente

politically aware — con conciencia política

[pǝ'lɪtɪkǝlɪ]
ADV políticamente
politically correct — [person, attitude, terminology] políticamente correcto

politically incorrect — políticamente incorrecto

• politically motivated — [violence, killing, attack, prosecution] de carácter político

• to be politically motivated — [killing, attack] tener un carácter político
POLITICALLY CORRECT Se dice que una persona o su comportamiento es politically correct o PC cuando sus actitudes o palabras no reflejan ningún desprecio o insulto hacia grupos minoritarios o con algún tipo de desventaja física o social, tales como disminuidos físicos o psíquicos, minorías étnicas, homosexuales, mujeres etc. Los que propugnan el uso de este tipo de lenguaje y actitud políticamente correctos creen que con ello desafían los valores que la sociedad occidental ha tratado de imponer sobre el resto del mundo a lo largo de la historia. Sin embargo, el término politically correct se emplea también de forma irónica por las personas que se burlan de este tipo de lenguaje y actitudes por considerarlas excesivas. Entre las expresiones políticamente correctas, algunas de las más conocidas son: Native American en vez de Red Indian (indio americano), visually impaired en vez de blind (ciego) y vertically challenged en vez de short (bajo).
* * *
[pə'lɪtɪkli]
adverb políticamente

politically aware — con conciencia política

English-spanish dictionary > politically

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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